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Abt 1202 - 1235 (33 years)
Generation: 1
Generation: 2
7. | Manuel Of CASTILE (1.Elizabeth1) was born in 1234 in Carrion de los Condes; died on 25 Dec 1283 in Penafiel, Spain. Notes:
Name:
Manuel of Castile (1234 - 25 December 1283, The first Lord of Villena and Peñafiel, Cuéllar, and Escalona, was an Infante, son of Ferdinand III of Castile and his wife Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen.
Life
Born in Carrión de los Condes, the name Manuel was given to him to commemorate his maternal grandmother's roots in Imperial Byzantium. He was granted the Seigneury of Villena in 1252, created for him to govern that lordship as "apanage" (a medieval micro-state that would return to the central crown if the minor lineage ends with no successor). This lordship would grow by receiving the cities around the Vinalopó River (Elda valley, Aspe, Crevillente, Elche). He also received the Adelantamiento of the Kingdom of Murcia.
Manuel travelled to Italy in 1259 as part of the embassy sent by his father to Pope Alexander IV.Later, when his brother became king Alfonso X the Wise, served him as Alférez and Majordomo of the king.
He died at Peñafiel in 1283 and was buried in the Monastery of Uclés. His son Juan Manuel, who succeeded him in Villena and Peñafiel among the others, and became prince of Villena, was a notable medieval writer.
Manuel of Castile, as son of Ferdinand III of Castile, belonged to the royal House of Burgundy of Castile and León, but he was also the first of a new family branch, the House of Manuel of Villena.
Family
He married twice. His first wife, whom he married in 1260 in Soria was Constance of Aragon, daughter of James I of Aragon. Two children were born of this marriage:
Alfonso Manuel (1260/1261?Montpellier, 1276), without issue.
Violante Manuel (1265?Lisbon, 1314), lady of Elche and Medellín. Married circa 1287 to Afonso of Portugal, son of Afonso III of Portugal.
His second marriage after Constança's death was in 1274/1275 to Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of Amadeus IV of Savoy. One child was born of this marriage:
Juan Manuel (1282?1348), Prince of Villena, Duke of Penafiel and Lord of Escalona.
Children from other women include:
Sancho Manuel (1283-after 1345), Lord of Infantado and Carrion. First married María Rodríguez de Castañeda, and then Inés Díaz de Toledo. With issues from both marriages.
Enrique Manuel (born circa 1272)
Blanca Manuel (born circa 1273)
Manuel married Constance Of ARAGON in 1260. Constance (daughter of James I and Yolande Of HUNGARY) was born in 1239 in Barcelona, Aragbon; died before 1269. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Manuel married Beatrice Of SAVOY in 1274/5. Beatrice (daughter of Amadeus IV Of SAVOY and Cecilia Of BAUX) was born in 1250; died on 23 Feb 1292. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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8. | Alfonso X King Of Castile And LEON (1.Elizabeth1) was born on 23 Nov 1220 in Toledo; died on 04 Apr 1284 in Seville. Other Events and Attributes:
- Name: Alfonso X Of Castile
- Birth: 23 Nov 1221
- Residence: Between 1252 and 1284, King of Castile and Leon
- Residence: 1257, King of the Romans
- Death: 04 Apr 1284
Notes:
Alfonso was King of Castile and Leon 1252-1284, King of the Romans 1257.Alfonso X (November 23, 1221, Toledo, Spain ? April 4, 1284, Seville, Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Galicia, Castile and LeÛn from 1252 until his death. He was elected Rex Romanorum in 1254. His nicknames were "el Sabio" ("the Wise", more accurately translated "the Learned") and "el AstrÛlogo" ("the Astronomer").
Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Beatriz of Swabia. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina.
As a writer and intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of astronomy and the Ptolemaic cosmology as known to him through the Arabs. (Because of this, the Alphonsus crater on the Moon is named after him). His fame extends to the preparation of the Alfonsine tables,based on calculations of al-Zarqali Alzarquel. One famous quote attributed to him was supposedly said upon hearing an explanation of Ptolemy's theory of astronomy and being shown the extremely complicated mathematics required to "prove" it - "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler." The validity of this quotation is questioned by some historians.[1]
Alfonso established in Seville, Spain a translation school that did a great work increasing the flow of knowledge into Christian Europe as well as continuing support of the school of translators in Toledo (already founded 1127-1152 by Archbishop Raimondo of Toledo). Much of it was based on Ancient philosophy.
As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide his kingdoms with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. The Fuero Real was undoubtedly his work. He began the code called the Siete Partidas, which, however, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives.
Alfonso was the first king who initiated the use of the Castilian language extensively, although his father, Fernando III had begun to use it for some documents, instead of Latin, as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents.
Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization, and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles.
Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of the emperor Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim to represent the Swabian line. Alfonso's election by the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Conrad IV of Germany in 1254 misled him into wild schemes that involved excessive expense but never took effect. To obtain money, he debased the coinage and then endeavoured to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff. The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him.
Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile, died in 1275, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority. Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in 1282 Alfonso's being forced to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons.Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub, the ruling Marinid Sultan of Morocco, they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville, leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works during his reign. One was the Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which is comprised of 420 poems, mostly on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary written in Galician-Portuguese. One of the miracles he relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa MarÌa. Other works related to Alfonso include Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and the Libro de los juegos ("Book of Games").
Alfonso married Yolanda Princess Of ARAGON in 1249. Yolanda (daughter of James I and Yolande Of HUNGARY) was born about 1236 in Saragoza, Aragbon; died in 1300 in Roncesvalles, Navarra. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Family/Spouse: Maria DE GUZMAN. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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9. | Enrique Of LEON (1.Elizabeth1) was born in 1224; died in 1304. Other Events and Attributes:
- Residence: Guardian of Ferdinand IV
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Generation: 3
20. | Berengaria Of CASTILE (8.Alfonso2, 1.Elizabeth1) was born in 1253; died after 1284. Notes:
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King Louis IX of France, but her fiance died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was living in 1284.
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23. | Sancho IV The Brave Of CASTILE (8.Alfonso2, 1.Elizabeth1) was born between 1257 and 1258; died on 25 Apr 1295 in Toledo. Notes:
Sancho IV the Brave (1257 or 1258 ? 25 April 1295, Toledo) was the king of Castile and LeÛn from 1284 to his death. He was the second son of Alfonso X and Yolanda, daughter of James I of Aragon.
His elder brother, Ferdinand de la Cerda, died in November 1275, and in 1282 Sancho assembled a coalition of nobles to declare for him against Ferdinand's son Alfonso, then took control of the kingdom when Alfonso X died in 1284. This was all against the wishes of their father, but Sancho was crowned in Toledo nevertheless.
Sancho was recognised and supported by the majority of the nobility and the cities, but a sizable minority opposed him throughout his reign and worked for the heirs of Ferdinand de la Cerda. One of the leaders of the opposition was Don Juan, his uncle, who united to his cause the lord of Vizcaya, Lope DÌaz III de Haro. Sancho responded by executing the lord of Vizcaya and incarcerating his uncle. According to the chroniclers, he cemented his hold on power by executing 4,000 other followers of the infante Alfonso, son of Ferdinand de la Cerda, in Badajoz. He executed 400 more in Talavera and much more als in ¡vila and Toledo.
Upon dispensing with this opposition, Sancho pardoned his uncle, who was released. Don Juan bided his time before fomenting revolt again: the conflict over Tarifa. He called in the aid of the Marinids of Morroco and besieged Guzm·n the Good in his castle (1291). At this siege occurred that famous act of heroism, the innocent death of the son of Guzm·n. Tarifa was faithfully defended until Sancho could rescue it and the Marinids retreated to Morroco. The intent of both Don Juan and the king of Morroco (to invade) was foiled.
When James II succeeded to the Crown of Aragon, he endeavoured to bind the two crowns more closely and to unite in the Reconquista. Indeed, both of James predecessors had tried to do likewise. Sancho was also the friend and tutor of Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena.
Just before succumbing to a fatal illness, he appointed his queen, MarÌa de Molina, to act as regent for his nine year-old son, Ferdinand IV. He died in 1295 in Toledo.
Sancho married Maria DE MOLINA in 1282. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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Generation: 4
34. | Denis King Of PORTUGAL (24.Beatrice3, 8.Alfonso2, 1.Elizabeth1) was born on 09 Oct 1261 in Lisbon; died between 07 Jan 1323 and 1325 in Santarem. Other Events and Attributes:
- Name: Diniz King Of Portugal
Notes:
Denis I, King of Portugal (Portuguese: Dinis or Diniz IPA [di'ni?]), called o Lavrador (Portuguese: "the Farmer"), (October 9, 1261 in Lisbon ? January 7, 1325 in SantarÈm) was the sixth king of Portugal and Algarve. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, princess Beatrice of Castile, Dinis succeeded his father in 1279.
As heir to the throne prince Dinis was summoned by his father (Afonso III) to share government responsibilities. At the time of his accession to the throne, Portugal was again in diplomatic conflicts with the Catholic church. Dinis signed a favouring agreement with the pope and swore to protect the Church's interests in Portugal. Due to this, he granted asylum to the Templar knights persecuted in France and created the Order of Christ, designed to be a continuation of the Order of the Temple.
With the Reconquista completed and the Portuguese territory freed from Moorish occupation, Dinis was essentially an administrative king, not a military one. However, a short war between Castile and Portugal broke during his reign, for the possession of the town of Serpa and Moura. After this, Dinis avoided war: he was a notably peace-loving monarch during a tempestuous time in European history. With Portugal finally recognized as an independent country by his neighbours, Dinis signed a border pact with Ferdinand IV of Castile (1297) which has endured to the present day.
Dinis' main priority of government was the organization of the country. He pursued his father's policies on legislation and centralization of power. Dinis promulgated the nucleus of a Portuguese civil and criminal law code, protecting the lower classes from abuse and extortion. As king, he travelled around the country, correcting unjust situations and resolving problems. He ordered the construction of numerous castles, created new towns, and granted privileges due cities to several others. With his wife, princess Isabella of Aragon, Dinis worked to improve the life of the poor and founded several social institutions.
Always concerned with the country's infrastructure, Dinis ordered the exploration of mines of copper, silver, tin and iron and organized the export of excess production to other European countries. The first Portuguese commercial agreement was signed with England in 1308. Dinis effectively founded the Portuguese navy under command of a Genoese admiral and ordered the construction of several docks.
His main concern was the redevelopment and promotion of rural infrastructure, hence the nickname the Farmer. Dinis redistributed the land, promoted agriculture, organized communities of farmers and took personal interest in the development of exports. He instituted regular markets in a number of towns and regulated their activities. One of his main achievements was the protection of agricultural lands from advancing coastal sands, by ordering the planting of a pine forest near Leiria. This forest still exists as one of the most important of Portugal and is known as the Pinhal de Leiria.
King Diniz statue at the University of CoimbraCulture was another interest of King Dinis. He had a fondness for literature and wrote several books himself, with topics ranging from administration to hunting, science and poetry. In his days, Lisbon was one of Europe's centers of culture and knowledge. The University of Coimbra was founded by his decree Magna Charta Priveligiorum.
The latest part of his peaceful reign was nevertheless marked by internal conflicts. The contenders were his two sons: Afonso the legitimate heir, and Afonso Sanches his natural son, who quarrelled frequently among themselves for royal favour. At the time of Dinis death in 1325 he had placed Portugal on an equal footing with the other Iberian Kingdoms.
Denis married Isabel St. Elizabeth Of ARAGON in 1281. Isabel (daughter of Pedro III King Of ARAGON and Constance Of SICILY) was born in 1271; died in 1336. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Family/Spouse: Gracia FROES. Gracia was born about 1265. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Family/Spouse: Aldonca Rodrigues TALHA. Aldonca was born about 1260. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Family/Spouse: Maria PIRES. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Family/Spouse: Marinha GOMES. Marinha was born about 1260. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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