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 1260 - 1327 (67 years)
Generation: 1
Generation: 2
| 3. | Marguerite Of BURGUNDY  (1.Agnes1) was born in 1290; died in 1315 in Gaillard. Notes:
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
She was allegedly cauaght in adultery, and imprisoned for the rest of her life. She was allegedly strangled in 1315, after 2 years of imprisonment, in order to allow her husband to remarry.
She gave birth to one daughter, Jeanne, who later became Queen regnant Joan II of Navarre. Her paternity was under doubts of bastardy. However Joan was an undoubted scion of Margaret and thus a full potential heir to Burgundy. She was also a carrier of Louis IX the Saint.
Marguerite married Louis X King Of FRANCE on 21 Sep 1305. Louis (son of Philip IV and Jeanne I Of NAVARRE) was born on 04 Oct 1289 in Paris, France; died on 05 Jun 1316 in Vincennes, France; was buried in Saint Denis, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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Generation: 3
| 13. | Joan II Queen Of NAVARRE (3.Marguerite2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 28 Jan 1312; died on 06 Oct 1349. Notes:
Joan II of Navarre (January 28, 1312 - October 6, 1349) was Queen of Navarre 1328?1349. She was the only daughter of King Louis X of France (I of Navarre) and his first wife, Margaret of Burgundy.
On the death of her father (in 1316) and half-brother, John I (also 1316), who were kings of both France and Navarre, she was excluded from their succession, mostly because of doubts about her paternity. Her uncles, King Philip V of France (II of Navarre) and King Charles IV of France (I of Navarre), took precedence over the young girl on the Navarrese throne, even though it was inheritable by females. With regards to the French crown, several legal reasons were invoked by Philip V and later by Philip VI of France to bar her from the succession, such as proximity in kinship to Louis IX of France. Later, the Salic Law was construed as the reason.
After Charles IV of France died in 1328, she became Queen of Navarre through a treaty with the new king, Philip VI of France, who was not a descendant of the later Kings of Navarre than Garcia VI. In the treaty, she had to renounce her rights to the crown of France, and her grandmother's estates in Brie and Champagne (which were put into the French royal domain). In compensation, she received the counties of AngoulÍme and Mortain as well as a portion of Cotentin (Longueville). Later on she exchanged Angouleme for three estates in Vexin:- Pontoise, Beaumont-sur-Oise, and AsniËre-sur-Oise. She thus lost France, but her descendants returned to the throne of France when Henry IV of France inherited the crown two centuries later, in 1594. (From that onwards, all Kings of France have been carrying also Joan's blood. (Henry II was Joan's issue in 8th generation, through for example his maternal great-grandmother Margaret of Foix-Navarre, duchess consort of Brittany, and through Margaret's husband's great-grandmother Joan of Navarre, queen of England and also duchess consort of Brittany, who herself was Joan's granddaughter.)
She reigned as queen until her death in 1349, together with her husband, Philip III of Navarre as king consort, 1329?1343. Philip was also Count of …vreux, the heir of Count Louis of …vreux (youngest son of Philip III of France), and thus of Capetian male blood. Because of his patrimonial lands, together with Joan's gains in Normandy and her rights in Champagne, the couple had extensive possessions in Northern France.
Altogether, Joan and Philip had eight children. She was succeeded by their son Charles II of Navarre. Their daughter Blanche d'Evreux became the second wife of Philip VI of France.
Joan married Philip III The Good King Of NAVARRE in 1316. Philip (son of Lewis Of FRANCE and Margaret Of ARTOIS) died on 26 Sep 1343. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 18. | John II King Of FRANCE (6.Jeanne2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 16 Apr 1319; died on 08 Apr 1364. Notes:
Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
John II of France (French: Jean II de France; April 16, 1319?April 8, 1364), was Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, and Duke of Normandy from 1332, Count of Poitiers from 1344, and Duke of Guyenne from 1345, and King of France from 1350 until his death, as well as Duke of Burgundy from 1361 on. John was a member of the Valois Dynasty and was the son of Philippe VI and Jeanne of Burgundy. John was nicknamed John the Good (Jean le Bon).
John's coronation as king took place in 1350 in the Notre-Dame de Reims. As king, John surrounded himself with poor administrators, preferring to enjoy the good life his wealth as king brought. The men he relied on to administer his kingdom were brutal thieves but eventually King Jean changed.
In the 1356 Battle of Poitiers against Edward, the Black Prince (son of King Edward III of England), Jean suffered a humiliating defeat and was taken as captive back to England. While negotiating a peace accord, he was at first held in the Savoy Palace, then at a variety of locations, including Windsor, Hertford, Somerton Castle in Lincolnshire, and Berkhamsted Castle in Hertfordshire. A local tradition in St Albans is that he was held in a house in that town, at the site of the 15th-century Fleur de Lys inn, before he was moved to Hertford. There is a sign on the inn to that effect, but apparently no evidence to confirm the tradition [1]. Eventually, John was taken to the Tower of London.
As a prisoner of the English, John was granted royal privileges, permitted to travel about, and to enjoy a regal lifestyle. At a time when law and order was breaking down in France and the government was having a hard time raising money for the defense of the realm, his account books during his captivity show that he was purchasing horses, pets and clothes while maintaining an astrologer and a court band.[citation needed]
The 1360 Treaty of BrÈtigny set his ransom at 3,000,000 crowns. In keeping with the honor between himself and King Edward III, and leaving his son Louis of Anjou in English-held Calais as a replacement hostage, John was allowed to return to France to raise his ransom funds.
While King John tried to raise the money, his son Louis, accorded the same royal dignity, easily escaped from the English. An angry King John surrendered himself again to the English, claiming an inability to pay the ransom as the reason. The true motive of John's decision remains murky today, with many pointing to the devastation in France caused by war with England and the Jacquerie peasant uprising as likely candidates. His councillors and nearly the whole nation was critical of the decision, since they had raised the ransom through painstaking sacrifice. However Jean arrived in England in early 1364, looked upon by ordinary citizens and English royalty alike with great admiration. Accordingly, he was held as an honored prisoner in the Savoy Palace but died in London a few months later.
His body was returned to France, where he was interred in the royal chambers at Saint Denis Basilica
Family/Spouse: Bonne Of BOHEMIA. Bonne (daughter of John I King Of BOHEMIA and Elizabeth Of BOHEMIA) was born on 20 May 1315; died on 11 Sep 1349. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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Generation: 4
| 24. | Charles II King Of NAVARRE (13.Joan3, 3.Marguerite2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 10 Oct 1332 in Evreux; died on 01 Jan 1387 in Pamplona. Other Events and Attributes:
- Also Known As: Charles the Bad
- Name: Charles II The Bad
Notes:
Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Charles II (October 10, 1332, …vreux, ? January 1, 1387, Pamplona), called "Charles the Bad," was King of Navarre 1349?1387 and Count of …vreux 1343?1387.
Besides the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, he had extensive lands in Normandy, inherited from his father Count Philip of …vreux, and his mother, Queen Joan II of Navarre, who had received them as compensation for resigning her claims to France, Champagne, and Brie in 1328. Thus, in Northern France, Charles possessed …vreux, Mortain, parts of Vexin, and a portion of Cotentin.
He hoped for a long time for a restoration of his rights to the crown of France (as son of the daughter of King Louis X).
He married Joan of France (1343?1373), daughter of king John II of France.
He was implicated in the assassination (January 8, 1354) of the constable of France, Charles de la Cerda. In reply, King John attacked …vreux and Navarre, but after Charles allied with the Black Prince, the Treaty of Mantes returned the peace, Charles enlarging his possessions. John captured and imprisoned Charles in 1356, but Charles was released after the Battle of Poitiers. During certain stages of the Hundred Years' War, he was allied with the English. He was one of the nobles involved in the repression of the Jacquerie.
In 1361, after the premature death of his second cousin, Duke Philip I of Burgundy, Charles claimed the Duchy of Burgundy by primogeniture. He was the grandson of Margaret of Burgundy, eldest daughter of Duke Robert II of Burgundy (d. 1306). However, the duchy was taken by John II, son of Joan of Burgundy, second daughter of Duke Robert II, who claimed it in proximity of blood.
In 1364, he was defeated by Bertrand du Guesclin, and driven from his Norman lands
Family/Spouse: Joan Of FRANCE. Joan (daughter of John II King Of FRANCE and Bonne Of BOHEMIA) was born on 21 Jun 1343; died on 03 Nov 1373. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 32. | The Green Count Amadeus VI Count Of SAVOY (14.Aimone3, 4.Blanche2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 04 Jan 1334; died on 01 Mar 1383. Notes:
Amadeus VI (January 4, 1334 - March 1, 1383), surnamed the Green Count was Count of Savoy from 1343 to 1383.
Life
He was the eldest son of Aimone, Count of Savoy and Yolande of Montferrat. His maternal grandparents were Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat and Argentina Spinola.
In 1349 Humbert II de La Tour du Pin, Dauphin de Viennois, the last Dauphin de Viennois surrendered his title and principality to the future Charles V of France. At the time the new Dauphin was grandson of current King Philip VI of France and son to his Heir Apparent, the later John II of France. Humbert II retired into a Dominican monastery. Amadeus, angered by this cessation, which had created a formidable neighbour to Savoy, went to war with France, which he defeated in 1354.
In a treaty concluded in Paris in the following year Amadeus agreed to exchange territory in DauphinÈ beyond the Rivers Rhone and Guiers, in exchange for recognition as the undisputed sovereign of Faucigny and the county of Gex, as well as becoming the suzerain lord over the Counts of Genevois, all of whose titles had been the subject of earlier contention between the Counts of Savoy and the Dauphins of Viennois. Amadeus also forced the Marquess of Saluzzo to pay him homage, this extending his rule to the Italian side of the Alps.
This made him an important player in the politics of Northern Italy. The Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice had for long argued over the ownership of the island of Tenedos in the Aegean Sea. Eventually it was agreed that the Island should be entrusted to the Count of Savoy. Later Amadeus would be persuaded by Pope Clement VII to accompany Louis I of Naples on an expedition to Naples. Here in 1382 the Count would share with Louis in the successful conquests of Abruzzi and Apulia
Amadeus initiated a minor crusade in 1366 against Murad I of the Ottoman Empire to aid his second cousin, John V Palaiologos, the Byzantine Emperor. The nickname the Green Count refers to his habit of dressing in this colour and appear in state occasions surrounded by green-dressed escort.
Amadeus married Bonne Of BOURBON in 1355. Bonne (daughter of Peter I Duke Of BOURBON and Isabelle DE VALOIS) was born in 1341; died on 19 Jan 1402 in Chateau de Macon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 35. | Philip II Duke Of BURGUNDY (18.John3, 6.Jeanne2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 17 Jan 1342; died on 27 Apr 1404. Other Events and Attributes:
- Also Known As: "the Bold"
- Fact: Duke of Burgundy
- Name: Philip Audax
- Birth: 1345
- Death: 1361
Notes:
Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, known as the Bold (Philippe II de Bourgogne, le Hardi in French) (January 15, 1342, Pontoise ? April 27, 1404, Halle), was the fourth son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne of Luxembourg.
He was created Duke of Touraine in 1360, but as a reward for his valor at the Battle of Poitiers, in 1363 this was exchanged for the Duchy of Burgundy which Philip ruled until his death. Between 1380 and 1388 he ruled France with his brothers, Louis I of Anjou and John, Duke of Berry, as co-regents, during the minority of their nephew, Charles VI. He and his brother Berry again took up the regency when Charles shown signs of insanity in 1392, holding it until 1402, when Charles put affairs in the hands of his brother, the Duke of Orleans. Orleans's misrule led to Philip once again being placed in power shortly before his death in 1404.
In 1390, he obtained the County of Charolais, which would later become the title of the heirs of his duchy.
He was the founder of the second and last ducal House of Burgundy. He married Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (1350?1404/5) on June 19, 1369, thereby uniting the rich dominions of Burgundy and Flanders.
Philip married Margaret Of FLANDERS on 19 Jun 1369. Margaret (daughter of Louis II Of FLANDERS and Margaret Of BRABANT) was born in 1350; died in 1405. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 36. | John Of Valois Duke Of BERRY (18.John3, 6.Jeanne2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 30 Nov 1340; died on 15 Mar 1416. Notes:
John of Valois, the Magnificent, (November 30, 1340 ? March 15, 1416) was Duke of Berry and Auvergne and Count of Poitiers and Montpensier. He was the third son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxemburg; his brothers were Charles V, King of France, Louis I of Anjou, King of Naples and Philip II, Duke of Burgundy.
Upon the death of his older brother Charles V in 1380, his son and heir, Charles VI was a minor, so Berry and his brothers, along with the king's maternal uncle the Duke of Bourbon acted as regents. Following the death of Louis of Anjou in 1384, Berry and his brother Burgundy were the dominant figures in the kingdom. The king ended the regency and took power into his own hands in 1388, giving the governance of the kingdom largely to his father's former ministers, who were political enemies of the king's powerful uncles. Berry and Burgundy bided their time, and were soon able to retake power, in 1392, when the King had his first attack of insanity, an affliction which would remain with him throughout his life. The two royal dukes continued to rule until 1402, when the king, in one of his moments of lucidity, took power from them and gave it to his brother Louis, Duke of Orleans.
French Monarchy
Capetian Dynasty
(Valois branch)
Philip VI
Children
John II
John II
Children
Charles V
Louis I of Anjou
John, Duke of Berry
Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
Charles V
Children
Charles VI
Louis, Duke of OrlÈans
Charles VI
Children
Isabella of Valois
Catherine of Valois
Charles VII
Charles VII
Children
Louis XI
Louis XI
Children
Charles VIII
Charles VIII
In his later years, John became more of a consensual figure in France. After the death of Philip of Burgundy in 1404, he was the last survivor of the sons of King John, and generally tried to play the role of a peacemaker between the factions of his nephews Orleans and John, Duke of Burgundy. After the murder of Orleans at the orders of the Duke of Burgundy, Berry generally took the Orleanist or Armagnac side in the civil war that erupted, but was always a moderate figure, attempting to reconcile the two sides and promote internal peace. It was largely due to his urging that Charles VI and his sons were not present at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Remembering his father's fate as a captive after the Battle of Poitiers 59 years before, Berry feared the fate of France should the king and his heirs be taken captive, and successfully prevented their participation. He died a few months after the battle, which proved as disastrous as he had feared.
John of Berry was also a notable patron who among other works commissioned the most famous Book of Hours, the TrËs Riches Heures. His spending on his art collection severely taxed his estates, and he was deeply in debt when he died in 1416.
Family/Spouse: Joanna Of ARMAGNAC. Joanna was born in 1346; died in 1387. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 37. | Louis I Of Naples And ANJOU (18.John3, 6.Jeanne2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 23 Jul 1339 in Chateau de Vincennes; died on 20 Sep 1384 in Bisellia. Notes:
Louis I of Anjou (July 23, 1339, Ch‚teau de Vincennes, ? September 20, 1384, Biselia) was the second son of King John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg. He was the Count of Anjou 1356?1360, Duke of Anjou 1360?1384, Count of Maine 1356?1384, Duke of Touraine 1370?1384, and titular King of Naples and Jerusalem and Count of Provence and Forcalquier 1382?1384.
Louis was present at the Battle of Poitiers (1356), in the battalion commanded by his brother Charles, the Dauphin. They hardly fought and the whole group escaped in the middle of the confrontation. Although humiliating, their flight allowed them to avoid capture by the English, who won the battle decisively. King John II and Louis' younger brother Philip were not so fortunate and were captured by the English, commanded by Edward, the Black Prince. Their ransom and peace conditions between France and England were agreed in the Treaty of BrÈtigny, signed in 1360. Amongst the complicated items of the treaty was a clause that determined the surrender of 40 high-born hostages as guarantee for the payment of the king's ransom. Louis, already Duke of Anjou, was in this group and sailed to England in October 1360. However, France was not in good economic condition and further installments of the debt were delayed. As consequence, Louis was in English custody for much more than the expected six months. He tried to negotiate his freedom in a private negotiation with Edward III of England and, when this failed, decided to escape. On his return to France, he met his father's disapproval for his unknightly behavior. John II considered himself dishonored and this, combined with the fact that his ransom payments agreed to in the Treaty of BrÈtigny were in arrears, caused John to return to captivity in England to redeem his honor.
From 1380 to 1382 Louis served as regent for his nephew, King Charles VI of France, but left France in the latter year to claim the throne of Naples following the death of Queen Joanna I. She had adopted him to succeed her, as she was childless and did not wish to leave her inheritance to any of her close relatives, with whom she had quarreled. While he was able to succeed her as Count of Provence and Forcalquier after her murder in 1382 by Charles of Durazzo (her second cousin), he was unsuccessful in regaining the Kingdom of Naples from Charles.
Louis married Marie Lady Of GUISE in 1360. Marie (daughter of Duke Of Brittany Charles Of BLOIS and Joanna Of BRITTANY) was born in 1345; died in 1404. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 40. | Charles V The Wise Of FRANCE (18.John3, 6.Jeanne2, 1.Agnes1) was born on 31 Jan 1338 in Vincennes, Ile-de-France; died on 16 Sep 1380. Notes:
Charles V the Wise (French: Charles V le Sage) (January 31, 1338 ? September 16, 1380) was king of France from 1364 to 1380 and a member of the Valois Dynasty. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory ceded to England at the Treaty of Bretigny.
Charles was born at Vincennes, Œle-de-France, France, the son of King Jean II and Bonne of Luxembourg. Upon his father's succession to the throne in 1350, Charles became Dauphin. He was the first French heir to use the title, after the region of DauphinÈ was acquired by his father.
The future king was highly intelligent but physically weak, with pale skin and a thin, ill-proportioned body. He made a sharp contrast to his father -- who was tall, strong and sandy-haired -- and gossip at the time suggested he was not Jean's son. Similar rumors would pursue Charles' grandson, Charles VII.
[edit] The Regency and the Bourgeois Rising
King Jean was a brave warrior but a poor ruler who alienated his nobles through arbitrary justice and the elevation of associates considered unworthy. After a three-year break, the war resumed in 1355, with Edward, The Black Prince, leading an English-Gascon army in a violent raid across southwestern France. After checking an English incursion into Normandy, Jean led an army of about 16,000 south, crossing the Loire in September, 1356, attempting to outflank the Prince's 8,000 soldiers at Poitiers. Rejecting advice from one captain to surround and starve the Prince -- a tactic Edward feared -- Jean ordered a charge up a slope where the enemy forces were entrenched. In the subsequent Battle of Maupertuis (Poitiers), English archery all but annihilated the French cavalry, and Jean was captured. Charles led a battalion at Poitiers which withdrew early in the struggle; whether the order came from Jean (as he later claimed) or whether Charles himself ordered the withdrawal is unclear.
The outcome of the battle left many embittered at the nobility, who popular opinion accused of betraying the King, but Charles and his brothers escaped blame, and he was received with honor upon his return to Paris. The Dauphin summoned the Estates-General in October to seek money for the defense of the country. But the parliament, furious at what they saw as poor management, organized into a body led by Etienne Marcel, the Provost of Merchants (a title roughly equivalent to mayor of Paris today). Marcel demanded the dismissal of seven royal ministers, their replacement by a Council of 28, made of nobles, clergy and bourgeois, and the release of Charles II of Navarre, a leading Norman noble with a claim on the French throne who had been imprisoned by Jean for the murder of his constable. The Dauphin refused the demands, ordered the Estates-General to dismiss and left Paris.
A contest of wills followed. In an attempt to raise money, Charles tried to devalue to the currency; Marcel ordered strikes, and the Dauphin was forced to cancel his plans and recall the Estates in February, 1357. The Third Estate presented the Dauphin with a Grand Ordinance, a list of 61 articles that would have required the Estates-General to approve all future taxes, assemble at their own volition and elect a Council of 36 -- with 12 members from each Estate -- to advise the king. Charles eventually signed the ordinance, but his dismissed councilors took news of the document to King Jean, imprisoned in Bordeaux. The King renounced the entire ordinance before being taken to England by Prince Edward.
Charles made a royal progress through the country that summer, winning support from the provinces. Marcel, meanwhile, enlisted Charles of Navarre, who claimed his claim to the throne was at least as good as that of King Edward of England's. The Dauphin, re-entering Paris, won the city back.
Marcel, meanwhile, used the murder of a citizen seeking sanctuary to make an attack close to the Dauphin. Summoning a group of tradesmen, the Provost marched at the head of an army of 3,000, entered the royal palace and had the crowd murder two of the Dauphin's marshals before his eyes. Charles, horrified, momentarily pacified the crowd, but sent his family away and left the capital as quickly as he could. Marcel's action destroyed the Third Estate's support among the nobles, and the Provost's subsequent support for the Jacquerie undermined his support from the towns; he was murdered by a mob on July 31, 1358. Charles was able to recover Paris the following month; he later issued a general amnesty for all, except close associates of Marcel.
[edit] The Treaty of Bretigny
Jean's capture gave the English the edge in peace negotiations. The King signed a treaty in 1359 that would have ceded most of western France to England and imposed a ruinous ransom of 4 million ecus on the country. The Dauphin (backed by his councillors and the Estates General) rejected the treaty, and King Edward used this as an excuse to invade France later that year. Edward reached Reims in December and Paris in March, but Charles, trusting on improved municipal defenses, forbade his soldiers from direct confrontation with the English. Charles relied on improved fortifications made to Paris by Marcel, and would later rebuild the Left Bank wall and built a new wall on the Right Bank that extended to a new fortification called the Bastille.
Edward pillaged and raided the countryside but could not bring the French to a decisive battle, and eventually agreed to reduce his terms. This non-confrontational strategy would prove extremely beneficial to France during Charles' reign.
The Treaty of Bretigny, signed on May 8, 1360, ceded a third of western France -- mostly in Aquitaine and Gascony -- to the English, and lowered the King's ransom to 3 million ecus. Jean was released the following October, his second son, Louis I of Anjou, taking his place as a hostage.
Though his father had regained his freedom, Charles suffered a personal tragedy. His three-year-old daughter, Jeanne, and his infant daughter Bonne died within two weeks of each other; the Dauphin was said at their double funeral to be "so sorrowful as never before he had been." Charles himself had been severely ill, with his hair and nails falling out; some suggest the symptoms are those of arsenic poisoning.
Jean proved as ineffective at ruling upon his return to France as he had before his capture. When Louis of Anjou escaped from English custody, Jean announced he had no choice but to return to captivity himself -- an action that, despite the cult of chivalry, seemed extreme to 14th century minds. Jean arrived in London in January 1364, became ill, and died the following April.
[edit] King of France
Statue of Charles V of FranceCharles was crowned King of France in 1364 at the cathedral at Reims, France. The new king was highly intelligent but close-mouthed and secretive, with sharp eyes, a long nose and a pale, grave manner. He suffered from gout in the right hand and an abscess in his left arm, possibly a side-effect of an attempted poisoning in 1359. Doctors were able to treat the wound but told him that if it ever dried up, he would die within 15 days. "Not surprisingly," said historian Barbara Tuchman, "the King lived under a sense of urgency." His manner may have concealed a more emotional side; his marriage to Jeanne de Bourbon was considered very strong, and he made no attempt to hide his grief at her funeral or those of his children, five of whom predeceased him.
His reign was dominated by the war with the English, and two major problems: Recovering the territories ceded at Bretigny, and ridding the land of the Tard-Venus (French for "latecomers"), mercenary companies that turned to robbery and pillage after the treaty was signed. In achieving these aims, Charles turned to a minor noble from Brittany named Bertrand du Guesclin. Referred to as a "hog in armor," du Guesclin had fought in that province's bitter civil wars, and learned to fight guerrilla warfare. Du Guesclin defeated Charles II of Navarre in Normandy in 1364 and eliminated the noble's threat to Paris; he was captured in battle in Britttany the following year but quickly ransomed.
To attempt to rid the land of the Tard-Venus, Charles first hired them for an attempted crusade into Hungary, but their reputation for brigandage preceded them, and the citizens of Strasbourg refused to let them cross the Rhine on their journey. Charles next sent the mercenary companies (under the leadership of Du Guesclin) to fight in a civil war in Castile between Pedro the Cruel and his brother, Don Enrique of Trastamare. Pedro had English backing, while Enrique was supported by the French.
Du Guesclin and his men were able to drive Pedro out of Castile in 1365, but The Black Prince, now serving as his father's viceroy in southwestern France, took up Pedro's cause. At the Battle of N·jera (Navarette) in April, 1367, the English defeated Du Guesclin's army and took the Breton prisoner a second time. Despite the defeat, the campaign had destroyed several companies of Tard-Venus and given France a temporary respite from their depredations.
[edit] The war resumes
The Black Prince's rule in Gascony became increasingly autocratic, and when Pedro defaulted on his debts after Najera, the Prince taxed his subjects in Guienne to make up the difference. Nobles from Gascony petitioned Charles for aid, and when the Black Prince refused to answer a summons to Paris to answer the charges, Charles judged him disloyal and declared war in May, 1369. Legally, Charles had no right to do this -- the French had given up sovereignty over Gascony under the Treaty of Bretigny -- but the king ignored this.
Instead of seeking a major battle, as his predecessors had done, Charles chose a strategy of attrition, spreading the fighting at every point possible. The French were aided by the navy of Castile (Du Guesclin had captured Pedro the Cruel by deceit in 1369 and turned him over to Enrique, who promptly killed his brother with a dagger) and by the declining health of the Black Prince, who had developed dropsy and quickly become an invalid. Where Charles could, he negotiated with towns and cities to bring them back into the French fold. Bertrand du Guesclin, appointed Constable of France in 1370, beat back a major English offensive in northern France with a combination of hit-and-run raids and bribery.
The English were crippled by the loss of major leaders and their own tendency to raid the countryside instead of embarking on major offensives. By 1374, Charles had recovered all of France except Calais and Aquitaine, effectively nullifying the Treaty of Bretigny. Peace, however, remained elusive; treaty negotiations began in 1374 but were never able to come up with more than extended truces, owing to Charles' determination to have the English recognize his sovereignty over their lands.
[edit] Papal Schism
In 1376, Pope Gregory XI, fearing a loss of the Papal States, decided to move his court back to Rome after nearly 70 years in Avignon. Charles, hoping to maintain French influence over the papacy, tried to persuade Pope Gregory XI to remain in France, arguing that "Rome is wherever the Pope happens to be." Gregory refused.
The Pope died in March, 1378. When cardinals gathered to elect a successor, a Roman mob, concerned that the predominantly French college would elect a French pope who would bring the papacy back to Avignon, surrounded the Vatican and demanded the election of a Roman. On April 9, the cardinals elected Bartolomeo Prigamo, Archbishop of Bari and a commoner by birth, as Pope Urban VI. The new pope quickly alienated his cardinals by criticizing their vices, limiting the areas where they could receive income and even rising to strike one cardinal before a second restrained him. The French cardinals left Rome that summer and declared Urban's election invalid because of mob intimidation (a reason that had not been cited at the time of the election) and elected Cardinal Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII that September.
The French cardinals quickly moved to get Charles' support. The theology faculty of the University of Paris advised Charles not to make a hasty decision, but he recognized Clement as Pope in November and forbade any obedience to Urban. Charles' support allowed Clement to survive -- he would not have been able to maintain his position without the aid of the King -- and led to the Papal Schism, which would divide Europe for nearly 40 years. Historians have severely criticized Charles for allowing the division to take place.
[edit] Death
Charles' last years were spent in the consolidation of Normandy (and the neutralization of Charles of Navarre). Peace negotiations with the English continued unsuccessfully. The taxes he had levied to support his wars against the English had caused deep disaffection among the working classes.
The abcess on the King's left arm dried up in early September, 1380, and Charles prepared to die. On his deathbed, perhaps fearful for his soul, Charles announced the abolition of the hearth tax, the foundation of the government's finances. The ordinance would have been impossible to carry out, but its terms were known, and the government's refusal to reduce any of the other taxes on the people sparked the Maillotin revolt in 1381.
The King died on September 16, 1380, and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old son, Charles VI.
[edit] Legacy
While he was in many ways a typical medieval king, Charles V has been praised by historians for his willingness to ignore the chivalric conventions of the time to achieve his aims, which led to the recovery of the territories lost at Bretigny.
His successes, however, proved ephemeral. Charles' brothers, who dominated the regency council that ruled in the king's name until 1388, quarreled amongst themselves and divided the government. Charles VI, meanwhile, preferred tournaments to the duties of kingship, and his descent into madness in 1392 put his uncles back in power. By 1419, the country was divided between Armagnac and Burgundian factions and Henry V was conquering the northern part of France. The hard-won victories of Charles V had been lost through the venality of his successors.
[edit] Marriage
April 8, 1350 to Jeanne de Bourbon (February 3, 1338 ? February 4, 1378)
Charles married Jeanne DE BOURBON on 08 Apr 1350. Jeanne (daughter of Peter I Duke Of BOURBON and Isabelle DE VALOIS) was born on 03 Feb 1338; died on 04 Feb 1378. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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