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 1472 - 1547 (75 years)
Generation: 1
Generation: 2
| 2. | Louise Of BOURBON  (1.Marie1) was born in 1495; died in 1575. Other Events and Attributes:
- Fact: Abbess of Fontevraud
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| 4. | Louis Of BOURBON (1.Marie1) was born in 1493; died in 1557. Other Events and Attributes:
- Fact: Cardinal de Bourbon, Archbishop of Sens
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Generation: 3
| 8. | Antoine Of NAVARRE (5.Charles2, 1.Marie1) was born on 22 Apr 1518 in La Fere, Picardie, France; died on 17 Nov 1562. Notes:
Antoine de Bourbon, duc de VendÙme (22 April 1518 ? 17 November 1562), was head of the House of Bourbon from 1537 to 1562, and King-consort of Navarre from 1555 to 1562.
He was born at La FËre, Picardie, France, the son of Charles IV de Bourbon, duc de VendÙme (1489-1537) and his wife, Francoise d'Alencon (d. 1550). He was the older brother of Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de CondÈ.
On 20 October 1548 at Moulins he married Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, daughter of Henri d'Albret (Henri II of Navarre) and his wife Margaret of AngoulÍme. By his marriage, he became Count of Foix, of Bigorre, of Armagnac, of Perigord, and Viscount of BÈarn. The Kingdom of Navarre had been occupied by the Spanish since 1512, and Antoine tried to re-establish it. He was ready to sacrifice anything to his political interests.
He had no real religious conviction and changed religions several times. His reconversion to Catholicism separated him from his wife. He had an affair with Louise de la BÈraudiËre, "la belle Rouet," with whom he had a son in 1555.
Coat of Arms of Antoine de Bourbon and the Kings of Navarre.Although his brother was the head of the protestant faction, he spent most of his life fighting for the King of France. Catherine de Medici, regent for her son Charles IX of France, named him lieutenant general of the kingdom in 1561. When his wife allowed the Huguenots to sack the chapel of VendÙme and the churches of the town in 1562, he threatened to send her to a convent. She took refuge in BÈarn.
Antoine was vain and unstable. He often disappointed his followers and was manipulated by his superiors and out-witted by his adversaries.
He laid siege to Rouen and was mortally wounded on November 13, 1562. He died at Les Andelys, Eure.
Antoine married Jeanne III Of NAVARRE on 20 Oct 1548. Jeanne was born on 07 Jan 1528; died on 09 Jun 1572. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 11. | Claude Duke Of AUMALE (6.Antoinette2, 1.Marie1) was born in 1526; died in 1573. Notes:
Name:
Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Aumale (August 18, 1526, Joinville - March 3, 1573, La Rochelle) was the third son of Claude, Duke of Guise and Antoinette de Bourbon. He was a prince of Lorraine by birth.
As part of the Treaty of Boulogne which ended the war of the Rough Wooing, Claude, Marquis of Mayenne and François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres, were among six French hostages sent to England.[1] After his father died on 12 April 1550, Claude was allowed to come to Scotland, with a passport from Edward VI dated 11 May, to see his sister Mary of Guise and wrote from Edinburgh on 18 May that he would view the strong places of the realm.
On August 1, 1547, he married Louise de Brézé (c. 1518 ? January 1577), dame d'Anet, the daughter of Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, and Diane de Poitiers.[2] They had eleven children:
Henri (October 21, 1549, Château de Saint-Germain ? August 1559), Count of Valentinois
Catherine Romula (November 8, 1550, Saint-Germain ? June 25, 1606), married on May 11, 1569 Nicholas, Duke of Merc?ur
Madeleine Diane (b. February 5, 1554), d. young
Charles, Duke of Aumale (1555?1631)
Diane (November 10, 1558 ? June 25, 1586, Ligny), married on November 13, 1576 François, Duke of Piney-Luxemburg
Antoinette (b. June 9, 1560, Nancy), d. young
Antoinette Louise (September 29, 1561, Joinville ? August 24, 1643, Soissons), Abbess of Soissons
Antoine (b. November 12, 1562), d. young
Claude (December 13, 1564 ? January 3, 1591, Saint-Denis), called the "Chevalier d'Aumale", Abbot of St.-Pere-en-Valle, Chartres, Knight of the Order of Malta, General of the Galleys
Charles (January 25, 1566 ? May 7, 1568, Paris)
Marie (June 10, 1565 ? January 27, 1627), Abbess of Chelles
When his brother Francis acceded as Duke of Guise in 1550 he ceded to Claude the title of Duke of Aumale. He was killed by a culverin shot while besieging La Rochelle.
Claude married Louise DE BREZE on 1 Aug 1547. Louise was born about 1518; died in Jan 1577. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 13. | Renee Of GUISE (6.Antoinette2, 1.Marie1) was born on 02 Sep 1522; died on 03 Apr 1602. Other Events and Attributes:
- Fact: Abbess of St. Pierre, Reims
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| 19. | Francis Of GUISE (6.Antoinette2, 1.Marie1) was born on 18 Apr 1534 in Joinville; died on 06 Mar 1563. Other Events and Attributes:
- Fact: Grand Prior of the Order of Malta
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Generation: 4
| 21. | Henry IV King Of FRANCE (8.Antoine3, 5.Charles2, 1.Marie1) was born on 13 Dec 1553; died on 14 May 1610. Other Events and Attributes:
- Name: Henry III Of Navarre
Notes:
Henry IV (French: Henri IV; December 13, 1553 ? May 14, 1610), was the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.
As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending to the throne; to become king he converted to Catholicism and in 1598 promulgated the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants and thereby effectively ended the civil war. One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was murdered by a fanatical Catholic, FranÁois Ravaillac.
Henry was nicknamed Henry the Great (Henri le Grand), and in France is sometimes called le bon roi Henri ("good king Henry") or le Vert galant ("the Green gallant").
Although baptized as a Roman Catholic, Henry was raised as a Protestant by his mother Jeanne d'Albret; Jeanne declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. As a teenager, Henry joined the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion. In 1572, upon Jeanne's death, he became King Henry III of Navarre.
On 18 August 1572, Henry married Marguerite de Valois, sister of King Charles IX. Henry's marriage was believed by most to be an effort to bring religious peace to the kingdom. However, leading Catholics (possibly including Catherine de Medicis, mother of the bride) secretly planned a massacre of Protestants gathered in Paris for the wedding. In the resulting Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, on 24 August, several thousand Protestants were killed in Paris and thousands more in the countryside. Henry escaped death only by pretending to convert to Roman Catholicism. He was kept in confinement, but escaped in early 1576; on 5 February of that year, he abjured Catholicism at Tours and rejoined the Protestant forces in the military conflict.
Henry of Navarre became the legal heir to the French throne upon the death in 1584 of FranÁois, Duke of AlenÁon, brother and heir to the Catholic King Henry III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Since Henry of Navarre was a descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognize him as the legitimate successor. Salic law disinherited the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent by the distaff line. However, since Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, this set off the War of the Three Henrys phase of the French Wars of Religion. The third Henry, Duke Henry of Guise, pushed for complete suppression of the Huguenots, and had much support among Catholic extremists. In December 1588 Henry III had Henry of Guise murdered, along with his brother, Louis Cardinal de Guise. This increased the tension further, and Henry III was assassinated shortly thereafter by a fanatic monk.
On the death of Henry III in 1589, Henry of Navarre nominally became the king of France. But the Catholic League, strengthened by support from outside, especially from Spain, was strong enough to force him to the south, and he had to set about winning his kingdom by military conquest, aided by money and troops bestowed by Elizabeth I of England. The League proclaimed Henry's Catholic uncle, the Cardinal de Bourbon, King as Charles X, but the Cardinal himself was Henry's prisoner. Henry was victorious at Ivry and Arques, but failed to take Paris.
After the death of the old Cardinal in 1590, the League could not agree on a new candidate. While some supported various Guise candidates, the strongest candidate was probably Infanta Isabella, the daughter of Philip II of Spain, whose mother Elisabeth had been the eldest daughter of Henry II of France. The prominence of her candidacy hurt the League, which thus became suspect as agents of the foreign Spanish, but nevertheless Henry remained unable to take control of Paris.
With the encouragement of the great love of his life, Gabrielle d'EstrÈes, on 25 July 1593 Henry declared that Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass") and permanently renounced Protestantism, thus earning the resentment of his former ally Queen Elizabeth. However, his entrance into the Roman Catholic Church secured for him the allegiance of the vast majority of his subjects, and he was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594. In 1598, however, he declared the Edict of Nantes, which gave circumscribed toleration to the Huguenots.
Monarchical Styles of
King Henry IV
Par la gr‚ce de Dieu, Roi de France et de Navarre
Reference style His Most Christian Majesty
Spoken style Your Most Christian Majesty
Alternative style Monsieur Le Roi
Henry's first marriage was not a happy one, and the couple remained childless. The two had separated, even before Henry had succeeded to the throne, in August, 1589 and Marguerite de Valois lived for many years in the chateau of Usson in Auvergne. After Henry had become king, various advisers impressed upon him the desirability of providing an heir to the French Crown, in order to avoid the problem of a disputed succession. Henry himself favored the idea of obtaining an annulment of his first marriage, and taking Gabrielle d'EstrÈes as a bride, who had already borne him three children. Henry's councillors strongly opposed this idea, but the matter was resolved unexpectedly by Gabrielle d'EstrÈes' sudden death in April 1599, after she had given birth prematurely to a stillborn son. His marriage to Marguerite was annulled in 1599, and he then married Marie de MÈdicis in 1600.
Henry IV proved to be a man of vision and courage. Instead of waging costly wars to suppress opposing nobles, Henry simply paid them off. As king, he adopted policies and undertook projects to improve the lives of all subjects, which made him one of the country's most popular rulers ever.
A declaration often attributed to him is:
Si Dieu me prÍte vie, je ferai qu?il n?y aura point de laboureur en mon royaume qui n?ait les moyens d?avoir le dimanche une poule dans son pot!
God willing, every working man in my kingdom will have a chicken in the pot every Sunday, at the least!
This egalitarian statement epitomizes the peace and relative prosperity Henry brought to France after decades of religious war, and demonstrates how well he understood the plight of the French worker or peasant farmer. Never before had a French ruler even considered the importance of a chicken or the burden of taxation on his subjects, nor would one again until the French Revolution. After generations of domination by the extravagant Valois dynasty, which had caused the French people to pay to the point of starvation for the royal family's luxuries and intrigue, Navarre's charisma won the day.
Henry's forthright manner, physical courage and military success also contrasted dramatically with the sickly, effete langour of the last tubercular Valois kings, as evinced by his blunt assertion that he ruled with "weapon in hand and arse in the saddle" (on a le bras armÈ et le cul sur la selle).
During his reign, Henry IV worked through his right-hand man, the faithful Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Sully (1560-1641), to regularize state finance, promote agriculture, drain swamps to create productive crop lands, undertake many public works, and encourage education, as with the creation of the College Royal Louis-Le-Grand in La FlËche (today PrytanÈe Militaire de la FlËche). He and Sully protected forests from further devastation, built a new system of tree-lined highways, and constructed new bridges and canals. He had a 1200m canal built in the park at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau (which can be fished today), and ordered the planting of pines, elms and fruit trees.
Statue of Henry IV on the Pont NeufThe king renewed Paris as a great city, with the Pont Neuf, which still stands today, constructed over the River Seine to connect the Right and Left Banks of the city. Henry IV also had the Place Royale built (since 1800 known as Place des Vosges), and added the Grande Gallerie to the Louvre. More than 400 meters long and thirty-five meters wide, this huge addition was built along the bank of the Seine River, and at the time was the longest edifice of its kind in the world. King Henry IV, a promoter of the arts by all classes of peoples, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building?s lower floors. This tradition continued for another two hundred years, until Emperor Napoleon I banned it. The art and architecture of his reign has since become known as the Henry IV style.
King Henry's vision extended beyond France, and he financed several expeditions of Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts and Samuel de Champlain to North America that saw France lay claim to Canada.
Death and aftermath
Although he was a man of kindness, compassion, and good humor, and was much loved by his people[citation needed], he was the subject of many murder attempts (for example by Pierre BarriËre and Jean Ch‚tel). On 14 May 1610, King Henry IV was assassinated in Paris by FranÁois Ravaillac, who stabbed the king to death while he rode in his coach. Henry was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry's widow, Marie de MÈdicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
The reign of Henry IV made a lasting impact on the French people for generations after. A statue of Henry was erected on the Pont Neuf in Paris in 1614, only four years after his death. Although this statue - as well as those of all the other French kings - was destroyed during the French Revolution, it was the first one to be rebuilt, in 1818, and it still stands today on the Pont Neuf. A cult surrounding the personality of Henri IV emerged during the Restoration. The restored Bourbons were keen to downplay the contested reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI, and instead emphasized the reign of the benevolent Henry IV. The song Vive Henri IV ("Long Live Henry IV") was used during the Restoration, as an unofficial anthem of France, played in the absence of the king. In addition, when Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies gave birth to a male heir to the throne of France, seven months after the assassination of her husband Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry by a Republican fanatic, the boy was conspicuously called Henri in reference to his forefather Henry IV (see Henri, comte de Chambord). The boy was also baptized in the traditional way of BÈarn/Navarre, with a spoon of vinegar and some garlic, as had been done when Henry IV had been baptized in Pau, although this custom had not been followed by any Bourbon king after Henry IV.
Today, while the rest of France marks the end of monarchist rule each year on Bastille Day, in Henry's birthplace of Pau, his reign as king of France is celebrated. It is a testament to the people's love and affection for Henry IV, whom the French people call 'le Grand' or 'The Great'.
Additionally, Henry IV had at least 11 illegitimate children. [1]
By Gabrielle d'EstrÈe:
CÈsar de Bourbon, Duke of VendÙme b.1594 1596(ligitimized) d.1665 married FranÁoise of Mercoeur and had issue.
In 1626, he participated in a plot against Cardinal Richelieu. He was captured and held in prison for three years. In 1641 he was accused of conspiracy again and this time fled to England.
Catherine-Henriette de Bourbon b.1596 1598(legitimized) d,1663 married Charles of Guise-Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf.
Alexandre, Chevalier de VendÙme b.1598 1599(legitimized) d.1629
By Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, Marquise de Verneuil:
Gaston Henri, Duc de Verneuil b.1601 1603(legitimized) d.1682 Married Charlotte Seguier, daughter of Pierre SÈguier, Duc de Villemor.
Gabrielle Angelique, called Mademoiselle de Verneuil b.1603 d. 1627 Married Bernard de Nogaret de Foix, Duc de La Valette et d'Epernon.
By Jacqueline de Bueil, Countess de Moret (1580-1651):
Antoine, Count de Moret b.1607 1608(legitimed) d.1632 Abbot of St. Etienne
By Charlotte des Essarts, Countess de Romorantin:
Jeanne Baptiste b.1608 1608(legitimized) d. 1670 Abbess of Fontevrault.
Marie Henriette b.1609 d.1629 Abbess of Chelles.
Henry married Maria DE'MEDICI in Oct 1600. Maria (daughter of Grand Duke of Tuscany Francesco DE'MEDICI, I and Johanna Of AUSTRIA) was born on 26 Apr 1573 in Florence; died on 03 Jul 1642 in Cologne. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Henry married Marguerite DE VALOIS on 18 Aug 1572. Marguerite (daughter of Henry II King Of FRANCE and Caterina DE'MEDICI) was born on 14 May 1553; died on 27 Mar 1615. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
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| 29. | Mary Stuart Queen Of SCOTS (18.Marie3, 6.Antoinette2, 1.Marie1) was born on 08 Dec 1542 in Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian; died on 08 Feb 1587. Other Events and Attributes:
- Name: Mary I Of Scotland
- Fact: 09 Sep 1543, Crowned Queen of Scotland in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle
Notes:
Princess Mary Stuart was born at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian, on December 7 or December 8, 1542 to King James V of Scotland and his French wife, Mary of Guise. In Falkland Palace, Fife, her father heard of the birth and prophesied, "The devil go with it! It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!" James truly believed that Mary's birth marked the end of the Stuarts' reign over Scotland. Instead, through Mary's son, it was the beginning of their reign over both the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England.
The six-day-old Mary became Queen of Scotland when her father died at the age of thirty, probably from cholera, although his contemporaries believed his death to have been caused by grief over the Scots' loss to the English at the Battle of Solway Moss. James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran was the next in line for the throne after Mary; he acted as regent for Mary until 1554, when he was succeeded by the Queen's mother, who continued as regent until her death in 1560.
In July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaties of Greenwich promised Mary to be married to Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England in 1552, and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. Mary's mother was strongly opposed to the proposition, and she hid with Mary two months later in Stirling Castle, where preparations were made for Mary's coronation.
When Mary was only nine months old she was crowned Queen of Scotland in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 9, 1543. Because the Queen was an infant and the ceremony unique, Mary's coronation was the talk of Europe. Mary was dressed in heavy regal robes in miniature. A crimson velvet mantle, with a train furred with ermine, was fastened around her tiny neck. A jeweled satin gown, with long hanging sleeves, enveloped the infant, who could sit up but not walk. She was carried by Lord Livingston in solemn procession to the Chapel Royal. Inside, Lord Livingston brought Mary forward to the altar, put her gently in the throne set up there, and stood by holding her to keep her from rolling off.
Quickly, Cardinal David Beaton put the Coronation Oath to her, which Lord Livingston answered for her. The Cardinal immediately unfastened Mary's heavy robes and began anointing her with the holy oil. When the chilly air struck her, she began to cry. The Earl of Lennox (whose son Henry, Lord Darnley, later became Mary's 2nd husband) brought forward the Sceptre and placed it in her baby hand. Then the Sword of State was presented by the Earl of Argyll, and the Cardinal performed the ceremony of girding the three-foot sword to the tiny body.
Then, the Earl of Arran carried the Crown. Holding it gently, Cardinal Beaton lowered it onto the child's head, where it rested on a circlet of velvet. The Cardinal steadied the crown and Lord Livingston held her body straight as the Earls of Lennox and Arran kissed her cheek in fealty, followed by the rest of the prelates and peers who knelt before her and, placing their hands on her crown, swore allegiance to her.
Mary married Francis II King Of FRANCE on 24 Apr 1558 in Notre-Dame de Paris. Francis (son of Henry II King Of FRANCE and Caterina DE'MEDICI) was born on 19 Jan 1544; died on 05 Dec 1560. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Mary married Henry Stuart Lord DARNLEY on 29 Jul 1565 in Palace of Holyroodhouse. Henry died in Feb 1567. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Mary married 4th Earl of Bothwell James HEPBURN on 15 May 1567 in Palace of Holyroodhouse. James died in 1578 in Imprisoned in Denmark. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]
Children:
- 39. Child HEPBURN was born between 18 and 24 Jul 1567; died between 18 and 24 Jul 1567.
- 40. Child HEPBURN was born between 18 and 24 Jul 1567; died between 18 and 24 Jul 1567.
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