Pedro Of CASTILE

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Alfonso X Of Castile
• Birth: 23 Nov 1221
• Residence: Between 1252 and 1284, King of Castile and Leon
• Residence: 1257, King of the Romans
• Death: 04 Apr 1284

Notes:

Alfonso was King of Castile and Leon 1252-1284, King of the Romans 1257.Alfonso X (November 23, 1221, Toledo, Spain ? April 4, 1284, Seville, Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Galicia, Castile and LeÛn from 1252 until his death. He was elected Rex Romanorum in 1254. His nicknames were "el Sabio" ("the Wise", more accurately translated "the Learned") and "el AstrÛlogo" ("the Astronomer").

Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Beatriz of Swabia. His maternal grandparents were Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina.
As a writer and intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of astronomy and the Ptolemaic cosmology as known to him through the Arabs. (Because of this, the Alphonsus crater on the Moon is named after him). His fame extends to the preparation of the Alfonsine tables,based on calculations of al-Zarqali Alzarquel. One famous quote attributed to him was supposedly said upon hearing an explanation of Ptolemy's theory of astronomy and being shown the extremely complicated mathematics required to "prove" it - "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler." The validity of this quotation is questioned by some historians.[1]
Alfonso established in Seville, Spain a translation school that did a great work increasing the flow of knowledge into Christian Europe as well as continuing support of the school of translators in Toledo (already founded 1127-1152 by Archbishop Raimondo of Toledo). Much of it was based on Ancient philosophy.
As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide his kingdoms with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. The Fuero Real was undoubtedly his work. He began the code called the Siete Partidas, which, however, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives.
Alfonso was the first king who initiated the use of the Castilian language extensively, although his father, Fernando III had begun to use it for some documents, instead of Latin, as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents.
Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization, and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles.
Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of the emperor Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim to represent the Swabian line. Alfonso's election by the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Conrad IV of Germany in 1254 misled him into wild schemes that involved excessive expense but never took effect. To obtain money, he debased the coinage and then endeavoured to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff. The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him.
Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile, died in 1275, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority. Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in 1282 Alfonso's being forced to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons.Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub, the ruling Marinid Sultan of Morocco, they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville, leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works during his reign. One was the Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which is comprised of 420 poems, mostly on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary written in Galician-Portuguese. One of the miracles he relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa MarÌa. Other works related to Alfonso include Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and the Libro de los juegos ("Book of Games").

Alfonso married Yolanda Princess Of ARAGON in 1249. Yolanda (daughter of James I and Yolande Of HUNGARY) was born about 1236 in Saragoza, Aragbon; died in 1300 in Roncesvalles, Navarra. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Violante Of Aragon
• Death: 1300

Other Events and Attributes:

• Birth: Between Jul and Aug 1201, Castile, Spain
• Lineage: King of Castile and Leon
• Birth: 1191
• Fact: Between 1217 and 1252, King of Castile, Toledo and Extremadura
• Fact: Between 1217 and 1252, King of Castile
• Fact: Between 1230 and 1252, King of Leon
• Fact: Between 1236 and 1252, King of Leon, Galicia and Cordoba
• Fact: 1671, Canonized by Pope Clement X

Notes:

Ferdinand was King of Castile 1217-1252, King of Leon 1230-1252, canonized 1671.[Hulett FTW from MC Scott.FTW]

[ingram1.FTW]

royal line through children of first marriage

Ferdinand married Elizabeth Of SWABIA on 27 Nov 1219 in Taragona in Spain. Elizabeth (daughter of Phillipp II King Of GERMANY and Princess of the East Irene ANGELICA) was born about 1202 in Augsburg, Schwaben, Bavaria; died on 30 Nov 1235 in Toro, Zamora, Spain; was buried in Sevilla, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: "the Conqueror"
• Fact: King of Aragon
• Name: James I The Conqueror

James married Yolande Of HUNGARY on 08 Sep 1235 in Barcelona, Spain. Yolande (daughter of Andrew II and Yolande DE COURTENAY) was born between 1213 and 1216 in Hungary; died on 12 Oct 1251 in Huesca, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Death: 1255, Huesca, Spain

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: IX Alfonso
• Birth: 1166
• Birth: 15 Aug 1171, Zamora, Leon, Spain
• Fact: Between 1188 and 1230, King of Leon
• Death: 1229

Notes:

Family History Records show their marriage was annuled. King of Leon 1188-1230.

Alfonso IX (August 15, 1171 ? September 23 or 24, 1230), first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile and numbered next to him as being a junior member of the family, is said by Ibn Khaldun to have been called the Baboso or Slobberer because he was subject to fits of rage during which he foamed at the mouth, was the king of LeÛn from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death.

Alfonso was the only son of King Ferdinand II of LeÛn and Urraca of Portugal. Though he took a part in the work of the reconquest, this king is chiefly remembered by the difficulties into which his successive marriages led him with the pope. He was first married in 1191 to his cousin Teresa of Portugal, who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young.

The marriage was declared null by the pope, to whom Alfonso paid no attention till he was presumably tired of his wife. It cannot have been his conscience which constrained him to leave Teresa, for his next step was to marry Berenguela of Castile in 1197, who was his second cousin. For this act of contumacy the king and kingdom were placed under interdict.

The pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that if the people could not obtain the services of religion they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. Berenguela left him after the birth of five children, and the king then returned to Teresa, to whose daughters he left his kingdom by will.

Alfonso's children by Teresa of Portugal were:

Sancha (c. 1192-1270)
Dulce, also called Aldonza (c. 1195-c.1243)
Fernando (1204-August 1214)
His eldest daughter, Sancha, was engaged to her cousin King Henry I of Castile, but Henry died in 1217 before the marriage could be solemnized. Wanting to disinherit his eldest son, Fernando, King Alfonso invited John of Brienne to marry his daughter Sancha and thus inherit the Leonese throne. However, Queen Berenguela convinced John of Brienne to marry one of her daughters instead. Though she was the nominal heiress on her father's death in 1230, Sancha was easily set aside by Berenguela and Fernando. Sancha became a nun at Cozollos, where she died in 1270; she was later beatified. Her sister Dulce-Aldonza spent her life with their mother in Portugal.

Alfonso married Berengaria Of CASTILE before 1190, and was divorced in 1204. Berengaria (daughter of Alfonso VIII "the Good" and Alianor Of ENGLAND) was born between 1171 and 1181 in Burgos, Castile,Spain; died on 08 Nov 1245 in Burgos, Castile,Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Death: 1244

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Philip Von Hohenstauffen
• Fact: 1196, Duke of Swabia, Margrave of Tuscany
• Fact: 1198, Emperor of Germany
• Fact: Between 1198 and 1208, Emperor of the West (not crowned)
• Fact: 06 Feb 1199, King of the Romans

Phillipp married Princess of the East Irene ANGELICA on 25 May 1197. Irene (daughter of Isaac ANGELUS, II and Eirene KOMNENA) was born about 1181; died in 1252; was buried in Lorsch. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Irene Angelica
• Death: 27 Aug 1208, Murdered at Hohenstaufen

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: "the Catholic"

Pedro married Maria Countess Of MONTPELLIER between 25 Jun 1204 and 1208. Maria (daughter of William VIII Count Of MONTPELLIER and Eudozia KOMNENOS) was born in 1182 in Montpellier, Herault, France; died on 21 Apr 1218 in Rome, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: (Masodik Endre)
• Fact: King of Galicia
• Reigned: Between 1205 and 1235, King of Hungary
• Death: 21 Sep 1235

Andrew married Yolande DE COURTENAY on 08 Sep 1215. Yolande (daughter of Peter DE COURTENAY and Yolande Of FLANDERS) was born about 1194 in Courtenay, Loiret, France; died in 1232/3. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]