Edward of Portugal Duarte I King Of PORTUGAL

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Edward I Of Portugal
• Residence: Between 1433 and 1438, King of Portugal

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Duarte I, King of Portugal KG (Viseu, October 31, 1391 - Tomar, September 13, 1438) (pron. IPA [du'a?t(?)]; Edward, in English), the Philosopher or the Eloquent, the 11th king of Portugal and Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta. He was the son of King Jo„o I of Portugal (John I of Portugal) and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster, a daughter of John of Gaunt.

As a prince, Edward (Duarte) always followed his father, King Jo„o I, in the affairs of the kingdom. He was knighted in 1415, after the Portuguese captured the city of Ceuta in North Africa, across from Gibraltar. He became king in 1433 when his father died of the plague and he soon showed interest in internal consensus. During his short reign of five years, Duarte called the Cortes (the national assembly) no less than five times to discuss internal affairs and politics. He also followed the politics of his father concerning the maritime exploration of Africa. He encouraged and financed his famous brother, Prince Henry the Navigator who founded a school of maritime navigation at Sagres and who initiated many expeditions. Among these, that of Gil Eanes in 1434 first rounded Cape Bojador on the NW coast of Africa, leading the way for further exploration southward along the African coast.

The colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury and it was realised that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. When Ceuta was lost to the Portuguese, the camel caravans that were part of the overland trade routes began to use Tangier as their destination. This deprived Ceuta of the materials and goods that made it an attractive market and a vibrant trading locale, and it became an isolated community.

In 1437, his brothers, Henry (Henrique) and Fernando, persuaded Duarte to launch an attack on Morocco in order to get a better African base for future Atlantic exploration. The expedition was not unanimously supported: Pedro, Duke of Coimbra and John, duke of Aveiro were both against the initiative; they preferred to avoid conflict with the king of Morocco. They proved to be right. The resulting attack on Tangier was successful, but at a great cost of men. Duarte's youngest brother, Fernando, was captured, kept as a hostage, and he died later in captivity in Fez. Duarte died soon after the Tangier attack of the plague, like his father and mother (and her mother) before him.

Another less political side of Duarte's personality is related to culture. A reflective and scholarly prince, he wrote the treatises O Leal Conselheiro (The Loyal Counsellor) and Livro Da Ensinanca De Bem Cavalgar Toda Sela (The Art of Riding on Every Saddle) as well as several poems. He was in the process of revising the Portuguese law code when he died.

Duarte married Queen of Portugal Leonor Of ARAGON on 22 Sep 1428. Leonor (daughter of Ferdinand I The Just King Of ARAGON and Eleanor Of ALBUQUERQUE) was born in 1402; died on 19 Feb 1445 in Toledo. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Joana Manuel DE VILHENA. Joana was born about 1395. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: A Nun

Notes:

From Wikipedia:
She was promised to marry Charles IV of Navarre but he died and Catherine turned to a religious life in the convent of Saint Claire. She was a cultivated princess author of many books regarding morality and religion. She is buried in Lisbon at the Saint Eloi Church.

Ferdinand married Beatrice Of PORTUGAL in 1447. Beatrice (daughter of John Of PORTUGAL and Isabel Of PORTUGAL) was born in 1430; died in 1506. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Between 1438 and 1481, King of Portugal

Alfonso married Joan Of CASTILE on 30 May 1475. Joan (daughter of Henry IV King Of Castile And LEON and Joanna Of PORTUGAL) was born in 1462; died in 1530. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alfonso married Isabel Of COIMBRA on 06 May 1447. Isabel (daughter of Pedro Duke Of COIMBRA and Isabel Of URGEL) was born in 1432; died on 02 Dec 1455 in Evora; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Leonor of Portugal

Eleonora married Frederick III Holy Roman EMPEROR on 08 Mar 1452 in Naples. Frederick (son of Ernest The Iron Duke Of AUSTRIA and Cymburgis Of MASOVIA) was born on 21 Sep 1415; died on 19 Aug 1493. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Joanna Posthuma

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

In 1455 she married Henry IV of Castile and six years later had a daughter named also Joan, called "La Beltraneja" because of rumours that she was in fact daughter of Don Beltran de la Cureva. Henry sent Joan to live in Coca at the castle of Henry's supporter, bishop Fonseca. She fell in love with Bishop Fonseca's nephew and was expecting his child. Enrique declared their marriage not and never legal. Joan wore scandalous dresses that were low cut and her behavior was also scandalous. She later went to the convent of San Fransico in Segovia. She died in Madrid on June 13, 1475.

Joanna married Henry IV King Of Castile And LEON on 21 May 1455 in Cordoba. Henry (son of JuanIIJohn II King Of Castile And LEON and Maria Of ARAGON) was born on 05 Jan 1425 in Valladolid; died on 11 Dec 1474 in Madrid, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Bishop of Guarda

Family/Spouse: Ferdinand II Duke Of BRAGANZA. Ferdinand was born in 1430; died in 1483. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

Leonor of Viseu (1458-1525), was a Princess and later Queen of Portugal. She married Prince Joao (John) in 1473. Joao later became King Joao II of Portugal. She founded what became the city of Caldas da Rainha, which is named in her honor, rainha meaning "queen" in Portuguese.

Leonor married John IIJoao II The Perfect King Of PORTUGAL on 18 Jan 1471 in Setubal. John (son of Alfonso V King Of PORTUGAL and Isabel Of COIMBRA) was born on 03 Mar 1455 in Lisbon, Portugal; died on 25 Oct 1495 in "Not without suspicion of poison"; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: 2nd Duke of Beja
• Fact: 6th General of the Kingdom

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Between 1495 and 1521, King of Portugal

Notes:

Manuel I, King of Portugal KG KGF (pron. IPA [m?nu'??]); Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emanuel I), the Fortunate (Port. o Venturoso), 14th king of Portugal and Algarves (Alcochete, May 31, 1469 ? December 13, 1521 in Lisbon) was the son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu , by his wife, Beatrice of Aveiro, princess of Portugal. His mother was the granddaughter of King John I of Portugal; his father was the second surviving son of King Duarte of Portugal. Manuel succeeded his first cousin John II of Portugal who was also his brother-in-law in 1495.

Manuel grew up among the conspiracies of the aristocratic high nobility against king John II. He watched many people being killed and exiled. His older brother Diego, the duke of Viseu, was murdered by the king himself. Thus, when receiving a royal order in 1493 to present himself to the king, Manuel had every reason to worry. Without reason: John II wanted to name him heir to the throne, after the death of his son, prince Afonso of Portugal, and the failed attempts to legitimise George, Duke of Coimbra, his illegitimate son. As a result of this stroke of luck he was nicknamed the Fortunate.

Manuel would prove a worthy successor to John II, supporting the Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic Ocean and the development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following was achieved:

1498 ? Vasco da Gama discovers the maritime route to India
1500 ? Pedro ¡lvares Cabral discovers Brazil
1505 ? Francisco de Almeida becomes the first viceroy of India
1503-1515 ? Afonso de Albuquerque, an admiral, secures the monopoly of the Indian ocean and Persian Gulf maritime routes for Portugal
All these events made Portugal rich on foreign trade whilst formally establishing its empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the Manueline style) and to attract scientists and artists to his court. Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with China and the Persian Empire. The Pope received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign, designed to be a show of the newly acquired riches to all Europe.

Coat of Arms of Manuel I, according to the Livro do Armeiro-Mor c. 1509In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government. The cortes (parliament of the kingdom) only met three times during his reign, always in Lisbon, the king's seat. He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights.

Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to sponsor missionaries in their journeys to the new colonies, such as Francisco Alvarez, and the construction of religious buildings, such as the Monastery of JerÛnimos. Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade, against the Turks. His relationship with the Jews started out well. At the outset of his reign, he released all the Jews who had been made captive during the reign of Jo„o II. Unfortunately for the Jews, he decided that he wanted to marry princess Isabella of Aragon, then heiress of the future united crown of Spain (widow of his nephew Afonso of Portugal). Ferdinand and Isabel had expelled the Jews in 1492, and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence. In December 1496, it was decreed that any Jew who did not convert to Christianity would be expelled from the country. However, those expelled could only leave the country in ships specified by the king. When those who chose expulsion arrived at the port in Lisbon, they were met by clerics and soldiers who used force, coercion, and promises in order to baptize them and prevent them from leaving the country. This period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "New Christians", and they were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed; this was later to extended to end in 1534. A popular riot in 1504 would end in the death of two thousand Jews; the leaders of this riot were executed by Manuel.

Isabella died in childbirth in 1498, putting a damper on Portuguese ambitions to rule in Spain, which various rulers had had since the reign of Fernando I (1367-1383). Manuel and Isabella's young son Miguel was for a period the heir apparent of Castile and Aragon, but his death in 1500 ended these ambitions. Manuel's next wife, Maria of Aragon, was also a Spanish princess, but not the oldest. This was Joanna of Castile, known as Joanna the Mad.

The Monastery of JerÛnimos in Lisbon houses Manuel's tomb. His son Jo„o succeeded him as king.

Manuel married Isabella of Asturias Isabel Of ARAGON in 1497. Isabel (daughter of Ferdinand V of Castile Ferdinand II King Of ARAGON and Isabella I Queen Of Castile And LEON) was born on 02 Oct 1470; died between 24 and 25 Aug 1498 in Saragossa; was buried in Saragossa or Toledo. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Manuel married Leonor Of CASTILE on 16 Jul 1518. Leonor (daughter of Philip I The Handsome King Of CASTILE and Juana Queen Of CASTILE) was born on 24 Nov 1498 in Brussels; died on 18 Feb 1558 in Talavera. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Manuel married Maria Of ARAGON on 30 Oct 1500 in Alcazar De Sol. Maria (daughter of Ferdinand V of Castile Ferdinand II King Of ARAGON and Isabella I Queen Of Castile And LEON) was born on 29 Jun 1482; died on 07 Mar 1517. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Birth: Between 03 and 04 May 1455, Lisbon
• Fact: Between 1481 and 1495, King of Portugal

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

Jo„o II, King of Portugal KG (Portuguese pron. IPA [?u'?~u]; English: John II), the Perfect Prince (Port. o PrÌncipe Perfeito), fourteenth king of Portugal and Algarves was born in Lisbon in March 3, 1455 and died in Alvor in October 25, 1495. He was the son of king Afonso V of Portugal by his wife, Isabel of Coimbra, princess of Portugal. Jo„o II succeeded his father in 1477 when the king retired to a monastery and became king in 1481.

As a prince, Jo„o II accompanied his father in the campaigns in northern Africa and was made a knight by him after the victory in Arzila in 1471. In 1473 he married Leonor of Viseu, Princess of Portugal and his first cousin.

Even at a young age, he was not popular among the peers of the kingdom since he was immune to external influence and appeared to despise intrigue. The nobles (including particularly Fernando II, the Duke of Braganza) were afraid of his future policies as king. Events proved them right.

After the official accession to the throne in 1481, Jo„o II took a series of measures to curtail the overgrown power of his aristocracy and to concentrate power on himself. Immediately, the nobles started to conspire; Jo„o II did nothing but observe. Letters of complaint and pleas to intervene were exchanged between the Duke of Braganza and Queen Isabella I of Castile. In 1483, this correspondence was intercepted by royal spies. The House of Braganza was outlawed, their lands confiscated and the duke executed in …vora.

In the following year, the Duke of Viseu, his cousin and brother-in-law was summoned to the palace and stabbed to death by the king himself for suspicion of a new conspiracy. Many other people were executed, murdered or exiled to Castile including the bishop of Evora who was poisoned in prison.

The king is reported to have said, concerning the rebellious nobles: I'm the lord of lords, not the server of servants. After these events, no one in the country dared to defy the king. Jo„o II was free to govern as he pleased without any other conspiracies during his reign.

Jo„o II then restored the policies of Atlantic exploration, reviving the work of his great-uncle, Prince Henry the Navigator. The Portuguese explorations were his main priority in government, pushing south the known coastal Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India. During his reign, the following was achieved:

1484 ? Diogo C„o discovered the Congo River
1488 - Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope
1493 ? Alvaro Caminha started the settlement of the S„o TomÈ and PrÌncipe islands
Land expeditions were sent to India and Ethiopia in search of Prester John
The complete record of the Portuguese exploration voyages is unknown. Much was kept in secret due to competition with the neighbours of Castile. The archives of this period were destroyed in the fire after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Modern historians are still debating their true extent, suspecting that Portuguese sailors reached the continent of North America earlier than Christopher Columbus by approximately 1470 and also Brazil by as early as 1480.

Arguments for this are the much more precise calculations on the diameter of the Earth that Portugal held. There was an 80 year old school of navigation and mathematics with the most pre-eminent scientists working in the country. While Columbus thought it would be possible to reach India through the West, Portuguese intelligence knew already the way to be much longer and possibly that there was a continent in the middle. The travels of the mysterious captain Duarte Pacheco Pereira in the central Atlantic west of Cape Verde probably are more important than traditional history states.

John II of PortugalWhen Columbus applied for Portuguese help, Jo„o II refused him. According to the historical theory of Portuguese preeminence, Columbus was an inexperienced Atlantic captain, chasing an idea the king knew was wrong, wanting to go to a place Jo„o II already knew how to get to: there was no reason to hire him. In 1492, in the service of the Castile and Aragon kingdoms, Columbus discovers the Americas, convinced until his death that he had reached India. However, recent proof concerning documental proof and even noble house insignias support that Columbus may have been a Portuguese spy trying to keep Spain away from the east india trade routes.

With this event, a series of disputes between Portugal and Castile about the ruling of the seas started. Maritime rivalry among them led to the famous Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in June 7, 1494. This treaty, which defined the meridian of Tordesillas, stated that Portugal kept the eastern part of the world, and Castile and Aragon were responsible for the exploration of the western half.

But the dividing of the world was not the main issue between the Iberian kingdoms. Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon had several daughters, but only one feeble male heir - Juan. The oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragon, was married to prince Afonso of Portugal since childhood. Afonso was Jo„o II's only son and beloved by the king. If Juan died without male heir, as was probable, Afonso would be heir not only of Portugal but also of Castile and Aragon. This threat to Castilian and Aragonese independence was very real and the Catholic kings tried every diplomatic trick to dissolve the wedding. Finally, in 1491, Afonso died in mysterious circumstances - a fall from a horse during a ride in the margin of the Tagus river. The influence of the Catholic kings in this accident was never proved but the prince was an excellent rider, his Castilian valet fled never to be seen again and after this, Isabella, the heiress, was no longer married to the enemy. Jo„o tried without success until the end of his life to legitimise George, his bastard son.

John II died without leaving male issue on October 25, 1495. Due to the hatred the Portuguese nobility had for him, the hypothesis of poisoning was never ruled out. He was succeeded by his first cousin Manuel I.

The nickname the Perfect Prince is a late description and refers to NiccolÚ Machiavelli's work The Prince. Jo„o II is considered to have lived his life exactly according to the writer's idea of a perfect prince. To his contemporaries, Jo„o II was known as the Tyrant.

John married Leonor Of PORTUGAL on 18 Jan 1471 in Setubal. Leonor (daughter of Ferdinand Duke Of VIZEU and Beatrice Of PORTUGAL) was born on 02 May 1458; died on 17 Nov 1525; was buried in Lisbon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: LeonorEleonora Of CASTILE. LeonorEleonora (daughter of Manuel I King Of PORTUGAL and Leonor Of CASTILE) died in 1525. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Was a nun.

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Crown Princess of Portugal (1452-1455). Known as Saint Joan of Portugal or Saint Joan Princess. Canonized in 1693 by Pope Innocent XII.

Joan was the second child of Afonso, but after the early death of her older brother John she was declared heiress to the throne and given the title of Princess.

From a young age, Joan expressed a desire to become a nun; however, as she was second-in-line to the throne, her father did not allow it. During his military expedition to Tangier in 1471, joan served as Regent of the Portuguese Kingdon. After vehemently refusing several proposals of marriage, Joan joined the Dominican Convent of Jesus in Aveiro in 1475. Her brother had, by then, been given an heir, so the family line was no longer in danger. Still, she was compelled several times to leave the convent and return to the court, before she was finally professed as a nun. She continued to be a great supporter of her brother, John II of Portugal, throughout his reign and her life.

Joan died on May 12, 1490 in Aveiro and was buried in the Convent of Jesus in Aveiro. She was beatified in 1693 by Pope Innocent XII. Until now she hasn't been canonized, but she's known in Portugal as the Princess Saint Joan.

Kunigunde married Albert IV Duke Of BAVARIA on 03 Jan 1487. Albert (son of Albert III Duke Of BAVARIA and Anna Of BRUNSWICK-GRUBENHAGEN-EINBECK) was born on 15 Dec 1447 in Munich; died on 18 Mar 1508 in Munich. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Maximilian I of Habsburg (March 22, 1459 ? January 12, 1519) was Holy Roman Emperor. He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through both war and marriage.[1

Life and reign in the Habsburg hereditary lands
Maximilian was born in Wiener Neustadt as the son of the Emperor Frederick III and Eleanore of Portugal. He married (1477) the heiress of Burgundy, Mary, the only daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Through this marriage, Maximilian obtained the Burgundian Netherlands and the Free County of Burgundy, though France took Burgundy proper.

In 1490, he bought Tyrol and Further Austria from his cousin Sigismund, the last member of the Elder Tyrolean Line of the House of Habsburg. Upon the death of his father in 1493, he inherited the remaining Habsburg possessions and thus reunified all Habsburg territories. That same year Maximilian married Bianca Maria Sforza (d. 1510), the daughter of the Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan as he had been a widower since the death of his first wife in 1482.

Reign in Burgundy and The Netherlands
Maximilian governed his first wife's vast inheritance in the Low Countries, and prosecuted a war over them with Louis XI, King of France on her behalf[1]. Upon the Duke of Burgundy's death in 1477, the Duchy of Burgundy had reverted to the French crown under Salic Law. Louis further attempted to expand his control into the Burgundian Netherlands. Mary, who was only 20 and yet unmarried, refused a proposed marriage to the Dauphin as a way to settle the dispute, and when she married Maximilian less than a year after her father's death, she used his power to try to take back the parts of her father's lands Louis had acquired. Maximilian was successful in the war and in stabilizing the Netherlands, but some of the Netherland provinces were hostile to him, and when Mary died unexpectedly in March 1482, they signed a treaty with Louis in 1482 which forced Maximilian to give Franche ComtÈ and Artois to Louis[1]. Louis died in 1483 and his successor, Charles VIII of France, was a minor whose regent, Anne of France, ended France's bellicosity for a time. Maximilian continued to govern Mary's remaining inheritance in the name of their young son, Philip the Handsome. After the regency ended, Maximilian and Charles VIII exchanged these two territories for Burgundy and Picardy in the Treaty of Senlis (1493). Thus ultimately much of the Netherlands became and remained a Habsburg possession.

[edit] Reign in the Holy Roman Empire
Elected King of the Romans in 1486 at the initiative of his father, he also stood at the head of the Holy Roman Empire upon his father's death in 1493. The following year, after he married a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Maximilian sought to expand his power in parts of Italy[1]. This brought French intervention in Italy, inaugurating the prolonged Italian Wars[1]. He joined the Holy League to counter the French. Maximilian lost, but after his death the Empire ultimately won. Maximilian was also forced to grant independence to Switzerland[1], where he had tried to re-establish the lost Habsburg dominance.

Maximilian is possibly best known for leading the 1495 Reichstag at Worms which concluded on the Reichsreform (Imperial Reform), reshaping much of the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire. In the 1499 Treaty of Basel, Maximilian was forced to acknowledge the de-facto independence of the Swiss confederacy from the Empire as a result of the Battle of Dornach.

In 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of the Pope, took the title of Elected Roman Emperor (Erw‰hlter Rˆmischer Kaiser), and thus ended the century-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the pope.

[edit] Tu felix Austria nube

Emperor Maximilian I and his familyAs part of the Treaty of Arras, Maximilian betrothed his three-year-old daughter Margaret to the Dauphin (later Charles VIII), son of his adversary Louis XI. Louis had attempted seven years earlier to arrange a betrothal between the Dauphin and Margaret's mother, Mary. Under the terms of Margaret's betrothal, she was sent to Louis to be brought up under his guardianship. Despite the death of Louis in 1483, shortly after Margaret arrived in France, she remained at the French court. The Dauphin, now Charles VIII, was still a minor, and his regent until 1491 was his sister, Anne of France. Anne's first betrothal, to the Duke of Lorraine, had ended when the Duke broke it off in order to pursue Mary of Burgundy (and died shortly afterwards). Despite Margaret's betrothal and continued presence at the French court, Anne arranged a marriage between Charles and Anne of Brittany. She, in turn, had been betrothed in 1483, and actually married by proxy in 1491, to Maximilian himself, but Charles and his sister wanted her inheritance for France. The final result of all of these machinations was that Charles repudiated his betrothal to Margaret when he came of age in 1491, invaded Brittany, forced Anne of Brittany to repudiate her unconsummated marriage to Maximilian, and married her. (They had four children who all died in infancy, and after Charles died, his widow married his cousin and successor, Louis XII.) Margaret still remained in France until 1493, when she was finally returned to her father. She married twice more.

In 1493, Maximilian contracted another marriage for himself, this time to the daughter of the Duke of Milan, whence ensued the lengthy Italian Wars with France. Thus Maximilian through his own marriages (and attempted marriage) sought to extend his sphere of influence against that of France. The marriages he arranged for both of his children more successfully fulfilled the same goal, and after the turn of the Sixteenth Century, his matchmaking focused on his grandchildren, for whom he looked opposite France towards the east.

In order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian I met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at Vienna in 1515. There they arranged for Maximilian's grand-daughter Mary to marry Louis, the son of Ladislaus, and for Anne (the sister of Louis) to marry Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand (both grandchildren being the children of Philip the Handsome, Maximilian's son, and Juana la Loca of Castile). The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526. Both Anne and Louis were adopted by Maximilian following the death of Ladislaus. These political marriages have led the commonly attributed statement "Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria nube," roughly translated as "While others wage war, you, fortunate Austria, marry."

[edit] Death and legacy
Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip the Handsome having died in 1506. Although he is buried in the Castle Chapel at Wiener Neustadt, a cenotaph tomb for Maximilian is located in the Innsbruck Hofkirche[1].

Maximilian was a keen supporter of the arts and sciences, and he surrounded himself with scholars such as Joachim Vadian and Andreas Stoberl (Stiborius), promoting them to important court posts.

Maximilian had appointed his daughter Margarete of Austria as both Regent of the Netherlands and the guardian and educator of his grandsons Charles and Ferdinand (their father, Philip, having predeceased Maximilian), and she fulfilled this task well. Through wars and marriages he extended the Habsburg influence in every direction: to the Netherlands, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Italy. This influence would last for centuries and shape much of European history.

Charles built on his grandfather's successes and enlarged the Empire. He united the Habsburg Netherlands which Maximilian had ruled for his wife and son Philip.

Maximilian married Marie Of BURGUNDY on 18 Aug 1477. Marie (daughter of Charles I The Bold Duke Of BURGUNDY and Isabella Of BOURBON) was born on 13 Feb 1457; died on 27 Mar 1482. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Maximilian married Bianca Maria SFORZA in 1493. Bianca was born in 1472; died in 1510. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Alfonso V King Of PORTUGAL on 30 May 1475. Alfonso (son of Edward of Portugal Duarte I King Of PORTUGAL and Queen of Portugal Leonor Of ARAGON) was born on 15 Jan 1432 in Cintra; died between 24 and 28 Aug 1481 in Cintra; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alfonso married Isabella of Asturias Isabel Of ARAGON in 1490. Isabel (daughter of Ferdinand V of Castile Ferdinand II King Of ARAGON and Isabella I Queen Of Castile And LEON) was born on 02 Oct 1470; died between 24 and 25 Aug 1498 in Saragossa; was buried in Saragossa or Toledo. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: John IIJoao II The Perfect King Of PORTUGAL. John (son of Alfonso V King Of PORTUGAL and Isabel Of COIMBRA) was born on 03 Mar 1455 in Lisbon, Portugal; died on 25 Oct 1495 in "Not without suspicion of poison"; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Charles III Duke Of SAVOY. Charles was born on 10 Oct 1486; died in Aug 1553. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

Unmarried but had illegitimate descendants, one of them being Anthony, Prior of Crato, a claimant of the throne of Portugal in 1580.

John married Catharina Of SPAIN on 10 Feb 1525. Catharina (daughter of Philip I The Handsome King Of CASTILE and Juana Queen Of CASTILE) was born on 14 Jan 1507; died on 12 Feb 1578. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Isabel MONIZ. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Guiomar Coutinho Of MARIALVA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Cardinal of the Kingdom

Family/Spouse: Isabella Of BRAGANZA. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Cardinal of the Kingdom who succeeded his grandnephew King Sebastian (Manuel's great-grandson) as 17th King of Portugal. His death triggered the struggle for the throne of Portugal.

Isabella married Charles V Holy Roman EMPEROR on 10 Mar 1526. Charles (son of Philip I The Handsome King Of CASTILE and Juana Queen Of CASTILE) was born on 24 Feb 1500; died on 21 Sep 1558. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Between 1517 and 1540, An eccliastical Official in Passau
• Fact: Between 1540 and 1554, Archbishop in Salzburg and Eichstadt

Sibylle married Louiv V Elector PALATINE in 1511. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Jakobaea Of BADEN. Jakobaea was born in 1507; died in 1580. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Sabina married Ulrich I Duke Of WURTTEMBERG in 1511. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Susanne married Casimir Margrave Of BRANDENBURG-BAYREUTH in 1518. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Susanne married Otto Henry Elector PALATINE in 1529. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Phillip I King Of Spain

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Philip the Handsome (July 22, 1478 ? September 25, 1506), (Felipe el Hermoso - Philipp der Schˆne - Philippe le Beau) was the son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Through his mother Mary of Burgundy he inherited the greater part of the Burgundian state and through his wife Joanna the Mad he briefly succeeded to the kingdom of Castile. He was the first Habsburg ruler in Spain and his successors reckoned him as Philip I of Spain.
Philip was born in Bruges, then in the County of Flanders (today in Belgium). And was named after his grandfather, Philip the Good. In 1482, upon the death of his mother Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold, he succeeded to her Burgundian possessions under the guardianship of his father. A period of turmoil ensued which witnessed sporadic hostilities between, principally, the large towns of Flanders (especially Ghent and Bruges) and the supporters of Maximilian. During this interregnum, the young Philip became caught up in events and was even briefly sequestered in Bruges as part of the larger Flemish campaign to support their claims of greater autonomy, which they had wrested from Mary of Burgundy in an agreement known as the Blijde Inkomst or Joyous Entry of 1477. By the early 1490s, the turmoil of the interregnum gave way to an uneasy stand-off, with neither French support for the cities of the Franc (Flanders), nor Imperial support from Maximilian's father Frederick III proving decisive. Both sides came to terms in the Peace of Senlis in 1493, which smoothed over the internal power struggle by agreeing to make the 15-year old Philip prince in the following year.

[edit] The Burgundian Inheritance and the Spanish Alliance
In 1494 Maximilian relinquished his regency under the terms of the Treaty of Senlis and Philip, at the age of 16, took over the rule of the Burgundian lands himself, although in practice authority was derived from a council of Burgundian notables. On October 20, 1496, he married Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, in Lier, Belgium.

The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between Habsburgs and Trast·mara, designed to strengthen both the against growing French power, which had increased significantly thanks to the policies of Louis XI and the successful assertion of regal power after war with the League of the Public Weal. The matter became more urgent after Charles VIII's invasion of Italy (known as the First Peninsular War).

Philip's sister Margaret married Juan, Prince of Asturias, the only son of Ferdinand and Isabella and successor to the unified crowns of Castile and Aragon. [1] The double alliance was never intended to let the Spanish kingdoms fall under Habsburg control. At the time of her marriage to Philip, Juana was third in line to the throne, with both Juan and his elder sister Isabella married and hopeful of progeny.

[edit] The Castilian Inheritance
In 1500, shortly after the birth of Juana and Philip's second child (the future Charles V), the succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns was thrown into turmoil. The heir presumptive, Juan, had died in 1497 very shortly after his marriage to Margaret of Austria. The succession thereby passed to Isabella, who had married Manuel I of Portugal. She died in 1498, while giving birth to a son, Miguel, to whom succession to the united crowns of Castile, Aragon and Portugal now fell; however, the infant was sickly, and he died during the summer of 1500. The succession to the Castilian and Aragonese crowns now fell to Juana. Because Ferdinand could conceivably produce another heir, the Cortes of Aragon refused to recognise Juana and Philip as the heirs presumptive to the Kingdom of Aragon. In Castile, however, the succession was clear. Moreover, there was no salic tradition which the Castilian Cortes could use to thwart the succession passing to Juana. At this point, the issue of Juana's mental incompetence moved from courtly annoyance to the centre of the political stage, since it was clear that Philip and his Burgundian entourage would be the real power-holders in Castile.

In 1502, Philip, Juana and a large part of the Burgundian court travelled to Spain to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as king-consort of Juana, a journey chronicled in intense detail by Antoon van Lalaing (Antoine de Lalaing in French), the future Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Philip and the majority of the court returned to the Low Countries in the following year, leaving a pregnant Juana behind in Spain, where she gave birth to Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor. Philip's life with Joanna was rendered extremely unhappy by his infidelity and by her jealousy, which, working on a neurotic temperament, furthered her insanity. The princess gave way to paroxysms of rage, in which she was guilty of acts of atrocious violence. Before her mother's death, in 1504, she was unquestionably quite insane, and husband and wife lived apart.

[edit] Struggle for Power in Spain
When Isabella died, Ferdinand endeavoured to lay hands on the regency of Castile, but the nobles, who disliked and feared him, forced him to withdraw. Philip was summoned to Spain, where he was recognized as king. He landed, with his wife, at La CoruÒa on April 28, 1506, accompanied by a body of German mercenaries. Father and son-in-law mediated under Cardinal Cisneros at Remesal, near Puebla de Sanabria, and at Renedo, the only result of which was an indecent family quarrel, in which Ferdinand professed to defend the interests of his daughter, who he said was imprisoned by her husband.

A civil war would probably have broken out between them; but Philip, who had only been in Spain long enough to prove his incapacity, died suddenly at Burgos, apparently of typhoid fever, on September 25, 1506. His wife refused for long to allow his body to be buried or to part from it.

Philip married Juana Queen Of CASTILE in 1496. Juana (daughter of Ferdinand V of Castile Ferdinand II King Of ARAGON and Isabella I Queen Of Castile And LEON) was born on 06 Nov 1479; died on 12 Apr 1555. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Excerpt from Wikipedia:
In 1483, she was betrothed to the Dauphin of France, later King Charles VIII of France, and was transferred to the guardianship of King Louis XI of France. After Charles renounced the treaty and married Anne of Brittany, Margaret was returned to her father (1493).

In 1497, she was married to Juan, Prince of Asturias, Infante of Spain (1478-1497), the son and heir of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile, but he died after only six months.

In 1501, she married Philibert Ii, Duke of Savoy (1480-1504), who died three years later. She was made regent of the Netherland (1507-1515) and guardian of her young nephew Charles (the futer Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).

Margaret acted as intermediary between her father and his subjects in the Netherlands, negotiated a treaty of commerce with England favorable to the Flemish cloth interests, and she played a role in the formation of the League of Cambrai (1508).

After his majority in 1515, Charles rebelled against her influence, but he soon recognized her as one of his wisest advisers, and she was again regent of the Netherlands (1519-30) intermittently until her death. In 1529, together with Louise of Savoy, she negotiated the Treaty of Cambrai, the so-called "Ladies' Peace".

Both her marriages were childless.

She lied at Mechelen (between Antwerp and Brussels) after appointing her nephew, Charles V, as her universal and sole heir. She is buried at Bourg-en-Bresse, Franche-Comte.

Margaret married Prince of Asturias Juan Of ARAGON in Apr 1497 in Cathedral of Burgos. Juan (son of Ferdinand V of Castile Ferdinand II King Of ARAGON and Isabella I Queen Of Castile And LEON) was born on 28 Jun 1478 in Seville, Portugal; died on 04 Oct 1497 in Salamanca. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margaret married Philibert II Duke Of SAVOY in 1501. Philibert (son of Philip II Duke Of SAVOY and Margaret Of BOURBON) was born in 1480; died in 1504. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]