Blanche Of LANCASTER

Blanche married John Of GAUNT on 19 May 1359 in Queen's Chapel, Reading. John (son of Edward III King Of ENGLAND and Philippa Of HAINAULT) was born in Mar 1340 in St Bavon's Abbey, Ghent, Flanders; died on 03 Feb 1399 in Leicester Castle, England; was buried in St.Paul's Cathedral, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philippa married John I King Of PORTUGAL between 02 and 11 Feb 1387 in Oporto. John (son of Peter I King Of PORTUGAL and ? UNKNOWN) was born on 11 Apr 1358; died on 14 Aug 1433 in Lisbon; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married John HASTINGS on 24 Jun 1380. John (son of John HASTINGS and Anne DE MANNY) was born on 11 Nov 1372; died between 30 and 31 Dec 1389 in killed while tilting at Woodstock; was buried between Mar 1391 and 1392 in Church of the Friars Minors (Grey Friars), London. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married Sir John DE HOLAND, K.G. about 24 Jun 1386. John (son of Sir Thomas DE HOLAND, K.G. and Joan The Fair Maid Of KENT) was born after 1350; died between 09 and 10 Jan 1399 in Pleshy Castle; was buried in College Church of Pleshey. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married John CORNWALL before 12 Dec 1400. John was born in "At sea in St. Michael's Mount Bay, Cornwall"; died on 11 Dec 1443 in Ampthill; was buried in Chapel in the Cemetery of the Black Friars by Ludgate. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: 2nd Duke of Lancaster
• Fact: 1st Duke of Hereford
• Fact: Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Hereford, Earl of Derby, Earl of Lincoln, and Earl of Leicester; Also, Duke of Aquitaine in France
• Name: Henry IV Of Bolingbroke
• Fact 1: 30 Sep 1399, Elected King of England as HENRY IV

Notes:

Name:
Henry IV of England (of Bolingbroke), K.G., Earl of Hereford and Northampton 'jure uxoris', only surviving son and heir, was born at Bolingbroke Castle, co. Lincoln, in April 1366. He was married for the first time at Arundel Castle between 30 July 1380 and 10 Feb 1381 to Mary De Bohun, younger daughter and co-heiress of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th and last Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex and 2nd Earl of Northampton, by Joan Fitz Alan, daughter of Richard Fitz Alan, 9th Earl of Arundel. She was born about 1370 and was aged eleven at time of marriage. She died at Peterborough Castle aged twenty-four after the birth of her youngest child on 4 July 1394, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. From 1394 he devoted himself to work in Parliament and Council. He was created Duke of Hereford on 29 Sep 1397. Very soon afterwards began a quarrel with Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, which was ended by the banishment of both Dukes in September 1398. On his father's death in February 1399, Henry succeeded him as Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Lincoln and Leicester, and deposed his cousin King Richard II. He was declared King of England by Parliament on 30 Sep 1399, as Henry IV, and was crowned King of England on 13 Oct. 1399.

Henry's seizure of the throne from Richard II was never questioned by Parliament, and indeed many people welcomed the accession of this strong and able ruler. However, throughout his reign, Henry was troubled by revolts against him by those who had once been his most loyal supporters.

Worn down by conflict and financial problems, Henry IV died a shadow of his former, vigorous self.

Henry married Mary DE BOHUN between 30 Jul 1380 and 10 Feb 1381 in Arundel Castle. Mary (daughter of Humphrey IX DE BOHUN, K.G. and Joan FITZ ALAN) was born about 1366 in Hereford, England; died on 04 Jul 1394 in Peterborough Castle, Peterborough, Northamptonshire, England; was buried on 06 Jul 1394 in Leicester. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Joanna Of NAVARRE on 7 Feb 1403 in Winchester. Joanna (daughter of Charles II King Of NAVARRE and Joan Of FRANCE) was born in 1370; died on 9 Jul 1437 in Havering-atte-Bower, Essex; was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Grand Master of the Order of St. James
• Residence: Constable of Portugal

Notes:

John of Portugal (Portuguese: Jo„o, pron. IPA [?u'?~u]) (SantarÈm, January 13, 1400 ? October 18, 1442, Alc·cer do Sal) was a Prince of Portugal of the House of Aviz, son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster. He was General of the Kingdom, after the death of Nuno ¡lvares Pereira. He was also Lord of Reguengos, Colares and Belas. In 1424, John married his niece Isabella of Braganza, daughter of his half-brother Afonso, Duke of Braganza.

During the reign of his brother Edward, John joined his brother Pedro, Duke of Coimbra against the expedition to Tangier that would end in a disaster. After the disaster he defended that the recently conquered Ceuta should be offered in exchange for his brother Ferdinand, the Saint Prince, that was captive in Tangier, something that was against Ferdinand's wishes.

In the beginning of his nephew Afonso V's reign, the regency of the kingdom was delegated on Queen Mother Leonor of Aragon (his sister-in-law). This decision in the will of late King Edward was controversial and soon popular discontent grew. It was John who installed himself in the capital Lisbon and avoided a rebellion. After that he refused the proposals for an alliance with Leonor of Aragon and his half-brother Afonso, Duke of Braganza, and defended the summoning of the Cortes to name Pedro, Duke of Coimbra the new regent.

Family/Spouse: Isabel Of PORTUGAL. Isabel died in 1445. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Grand Master of Avis

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Edward I Of Portugal
• Residence: Between 1433 and 1438, King of Portugal

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
Duarte I, King of Portugal KG (Viseu, October 31, 1391 - Tomar, September 13, 1438) (pron. IPA [du'a?t(?)]; Edward, in English), the Philosopher or the Eloquent, the 11th king of Portugal and Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta. He was the son of King Jo„o I of Portugal (John I of Portugal) and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster, a daughter of John of Gaunt.

As a prince, Edward (Duarte) always followed his father, King Jo„o I, in the affairs of the kingdom. He was knighted in 1415, after the Portuguese captured the city of Ceuta in North Africa, across from Gibraltar. He became king in 1433 when his father died of the plague and he soon showed interest in internal consensus. During his short reign of five years, Duarte called the Cortes (the national assembly) no less than five times to discuss internal affairs and politics. He also followed the politics of his father concerning the maritime exploration of Africa. He encouraged and financed his famous brother, Prince Henry the Navigator who founded a school of maritime navigation at Sagres and who initiated many expeditions. Among these, that of Gil Eanes in 1434 first rounded Cape Bojador on the NW coast of Africa, leading the way for further exploration southward along the African coast.

The colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury and it was realised that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. When Ceuta was lost to the Portuguese, the camel caravans that were part of the overland trade routes began to use Tangier as their destination. This deprived Ceuta of the materials and goods that made it an attractive market and a vibrant trading locale, and it became an isolated community.

In 1437, his brothers, Henry (Henrique) and Fernando, persuaded Duarte to launch an attack on Morocco in order to get a better African base for future Atlantic exploration. The expedition was not unanimously supported: Pedro, Duke of Coimbra and John, duke of Aveiro were both against the initiative; they preferred to avoid conflict with the king of Morocco. They proved to be right. The resulting attack on Tangier was successful, but at a great cost of men. Duarte's youngest brother, Fernando, was captured, kept as a hostage, and he died later in captivity in Fez. Duarte died soon after the Tangier attack of the plague, like his father and mother (and her mother) before him.

Another less political side of Duarte's personality is related to culture. A reflective and scholarly prince, he wrote the treatises O Leal Conselheiro (The Loyal Counsellor) and Livro Da Ensinanca De Bem Cavalgar Toda Sela (The Art of Riding on Every Saddle) as well as several poems. He was in the process of revising the Portuguese law code when he died.

Duarte married Queen of Portugal Leonor Of ARAGON on 22 Sep 1428. Leonor (daughter of Ferdinand I The Just King Of ARAGON and Eleanor Of ALBUQUERQUE) was born in 1402; died on 19 Feb 1445 in Toledo. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Joana Manuel DE VILHENA. Joana was born about 1395. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Isabel married Philip III The Good Duke Of BURGUNDY between 10 Jan 1429 and 1430. Philip (son of John The Fearless Duke Of BURGUNDY and Margaret Of BAVARIA) was born in 1396; died on 15 Jun 1467. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Pedro married Isabel Of URGEL in 1428. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Grand Master of the Order of Christ
• Residence: Duke of Vizen

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Constance Holand

Constance married Thomas DE MOWBRAY before 01 Jun 1402. Thomas (son of Sir Thomas DE MOWBRAY, Knt. and Elizabeth FITZ ALAN) was born on 17 Sep 1385; died on 08 Jun 1405 in Executed without trial. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Constance married Sir John GREY, K.G. before 24 Feb 1412/3. John (son of Sir Reynold GREY and Margaret DE ROS) died on 27 Aug 1439. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Earl of Huntingdon
• Fact: Believed to of introduced the rack into the Tower of London
• Fact: Duke of Exeter
• Fact: Constable of the Tower

John married Anne STAFFORD before 1427. Anne (daughter of Edmund DE STAFFORD and Anne Of GLOUCESTER) was born in Stafford, England; died between 20 and 24 Sep 1432; was buried in Church of St. Katherine by the Tower. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Beatrice Of PORTUGAL. Beatrice died on 23 Oct 1439 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France; was buried in Arundel. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Anne DE MONTAGU. Anne (daughter of John DE MONTAGU and Maud FRANCIS) was born in Salisbury, England; died on 28 Nov 1457; was buried in Church of St. Katherine by the Tower. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Richard DE VERE. Richard (son of Aubrey DE VERE and Alice FITZ WALTER) was born about 1385; died between 15 Feb 1416 and 1417; was buried in Earls Colne. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: John D'ARUNDEL. John (son of John D'ARUNDEL and Eleanor BERKELEY) was born on 14 Feb 1407/8; died on 12 Jun 1435 in Beauvais; was buried in Grey Friars, Beauvais. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Name:
He was created Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester on 15 Oct 1399, Duke of Aquitaine on 23 Oct 1399, and Duke of Lancaster on 10 Nov 1399. He succeeded his father on 21 Mar 1412/3, and was crowned King of England on 9 Apr 1413. by his French conquests leading to the Treaty of Troyes on 21 May 1420 he assumed the title of Heir and Regent of the realm of France. Henry V of England, King of England, died at Bois de Vincennes on 31 Aug 1422, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. His widow is said to have been married for the second time (though no evidence of the marriage has been discovered) to Owen Tudor (beheaded by the Yorkists after the Battle Mortimer's Crown at Hereford on 4 Feb 1461.)

The Lancastrian period was marked by almost continual warfare. Baronial revolt and war with Welsh patriots broke out in the first decade, and dynastic war during the last, with prolonged warfare in France occupying most of the intervening four decades, when King Henry V opened the final phase of the 100 Years' War. He recovered many English possessions, but they were all lost during the reign of his son, Henry VI. the loss of the French possessions, together with the weak government of Henry VI, led to the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses, a campaign led by the supporters of Richard, Duke of York and Protector of England, during the illness of his cousin, Henry VI, to place Richard on the throne instead of Henry.

Soon after succeeding his father, Henry V revived the 100 Years' War with France. In 1415, Henry defeated the French army at Agincourt, and by 1420 he had forced the French King, Charles VI, to accept him as heir. This pact was sealed by Henry's marriage to Charles's daughter, Catherine.

Henry married Catherine Of FRANCE on 02 Jun 1420 in Church of St. John, Troyes, Trinity Sunday. Catherine (daughter of Charles VI King Of FRANCE and Isabeau Of BAVARIA) was born on 27 Oct 1401; died on 3 Jan 1437. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Name:
Thomas of Lancaster, created Duke of Clarence, Earl of Albemarle 9 July 1412, slain at the Battle of Beauge 22 Mar 1421, buried at Canterbury.

Thomas married Margaret DE HOLAND in 1412. Margaret (daughter of Sir Thomas DE HOLAND, K.G. and Alice FITZ ALAN) died on 30 Dec 1439 in London; was buried in Chapel of St. Michael in Canterbury Cathedral. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Name:
John of Lancaster, created Earl of Kendal, Duke of Bedford 16 May 1414, Regent of France September 1422, died at Rouen in the night of 14-15 Sep 1435, buried there.

John married Anne Of BURGUNDY on 17 Apr 1432 in Church of St. John, Troyes. Anne (daughter of John The Fearless Duke Of BURGUNDY and Margaret Of BAVARIA) died on 14 Nov 1432. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Jacquetta Of LUXEMBOURG on 22 Apr 1433 in Therouenne. Jacquetta (daughter of Pierre Of LUXEMBOURG and Marguerite DE BAUX) was born in 1415; died on 30 May 1472. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Duke of Gloucester
• Fact: 1420/21, Regent of England
• Fact: 1422, 1427, 1429, Protector of England

Notes:

Name:
Humphrey of Gloucester 'the good', fourth and youngest son, was born on 3 Oct. 1390 while his father was in Prussia, Knighted 12 Oct 1399, nom, K.G. about 1400 said to have been educated at Balliol College, Oxford, to which university he was a generous benefactor, presented many books to the University from about 1411, which formed the nucleus of the Bodleian Library, created Earl of Pembroke and Duke of Gloucester 16 May 1414, summoned to Parliament from 16 Sep 1414, received command of siege of Harfleur, wounded at Agincourt on 25 Oct 1415, and took a very active part in the King's second expedition to France, Protector of the Realm and Church of England, 5 Dec 1423. His first marriage had disastrous effects on the relations between England and her chief ally in the field, the Duke of Burgundy, went to Hainault with his wife Jacqueline in October 1424 in an attempt to recover her lordships, soon discouraged, leaving her at Mons, returning to England in 1425 with Eleanor Cobham; after Eleanor's conviction of witchcraft and sorcery and indictment for treason as aiming at the King's life (she confessed to having used charms to obtain he husband's love), he gradually withdrew from politics and state affairs; died intestate, probably of natural causes, on 23 Feb 1447, but under suspicious circumstances, being under arrest at the time at Bury St. Edmunds, buried St.Albans Abbey; married, first, before 7 Mar 1422/3 Jacqueline De Hainalt, died at Teilingen 8 Oct 1426, widow, first, John, Dauphin of France, second, John, Duke of Brabant (from whom she fled because of neglect and insult in 1421 to England, and procured a divorce from the Anti-Pope Benedict XIII), daughter and heiress of William VI, Count of Holland (marriage to Humphrey declared void 9 June 1428, and she married, fourth, Floris Borselen, Count of Ostrevant): Humphrey married, second, 1428, Eleanor Cobham, daughter of Reginald Cobham, Knt., of sterborough, Surrey, by his first wife, Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Culpeper, Knt. She was condemned and put to public penance in London, sentenced to perpetual imprisonment, October 1441, died a prisoner at Peel Castle, Isle of Man in 1454.

Humphrey married Jacqueline Of BAVARIA before 7 Mar 1422/3, and was divorced in 1426. Jacqueline (daughter of William VI Duke Of BAVARIA and Margaret Countess Of HAINAULT) died in 1436. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Humphrey married Eleanor COBHAM between 1428 and 1431, and was divorced in 1441. Eleanor died in 1454. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Blanche married Louis LUDWIG II, III Barbatus on 06 Jul 1402. Louis died between 20 Dec 1436 and 1439. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Eric VII Of POMERANIA. Eric died in 1459. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Diogo of Portugal
• Residence: Constable of Portugal
• Residence: Grand Master of the Order of St. James

Other Events and Attributes:

• Birth: 1428

Isabel married JuanIIJohn II King Of Castile And LEON in Aug 1447 in Madrigal. JuanIIJohn (son of Henry III The Infirm Of CASTILE and Katherine Of LANCASTER) was born on 06 Mar 1405 in Toro; died on 22 Jul 1454 in Valladolid. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: A Nun

Beatrice married Ferdinand Duke Of VIZEU in 1447. Ferdinand (son of Edward of Portugal Duarte I King Of PORTUGAL and Queen of Portugal Leonor Of ARAGON) was born on 17 Nov 1433 in Almeirim; died on 18 Sep 1470. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: A Nun

Notes:

From Wikipedia:
She was promised to marry Charles IV of Navarre but he died and Catherine turned to a religious life in the convent of Saint Claire. She was a cultivated princess author of many books regarding morality and religion. She is buried in Lisbon at the Saint Eloi Church.

Ferdinand married Beatrice Of PORTUGAL in 1447. Beatrice (daughter of John Of PORTUGAL and Isabel Of PORTUGAL) was born in 1430; died in 1506. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Between 1438 and 1481, King of Portugal

Alfonso married Joan Of CASTILE on 30 May 1475. Joan (daughter of Henry IV King Of Castile And LEON and Joanna Of PORTUGAL) was born in 1462; died in 1530. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alfonso married Isabel Of COIMBRA on 06 May 1447. Isabel (daughter of Pedro Duke Of COIMBRA and Isabel Of URGEL) was born in 1432; died on 02 Dec 1455 in Evora; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Leonor of Portugal

Eleonora married Frederick III Holy Roman EMPEROR on 08 Mar 1452 in Naples. Frederick (son of Ernest The Iron Duke Of AUSTRIA and Cymburgis Of MASOVIA) was born on 21 Sep 1415; died on 19 Aug 1493. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Also Known As: Joanna Posthuma

Notes:

Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

In 1455 she married Henry IV of Castile and six years later had a daughter named also Joan, called "La Beltraneja" because of rumours that she was in fact daughter of Don Beltran de la Cureva. Henry sent Joan to live in Coca at the castle of Henry's supporter, bishop Fonseca. She fell in love with Bishop Fonseca's nephew and was expecting his child. Enrique declared their marriage not and never legal. Joan wore scandalous dresses that were low cut and her behavior was also scandalous. She later went to the convent of San Fransico in Segovia. She died in Madrid on June 13, 1475.

Joanna married Henry IV King Of Castile And LEON on 21 May 1455 in Cordoba. Henry (son of JuanIIJohn II King Of Castile And LEON and Maria Of ARAGON) was born on 05 Jan 1425 in Valladolid; died on 11 Dec 1474 in Madrid, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Bishop of Guarda

Family/Spouse: Humbert Lord Of QUEILLE. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: A Nun

Family/Spouse: Adrian Lord Of MORNAY. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: There were no issues.
• Residence: Count of Charolais
• Residence: Duke of Burgundy

Notes:

Charles, called the Bold or the Rash (French: Charles le TÈmÈraire) (November 10, 1433 ? January 5, 1477) was Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. He was known as Charles the Terrible to his detractors.

He was born in Dijon, the son of Philip III, Duke of Burgundy and Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy. In his father's lifetime (1433-1467) he bore the title of Count of Charolais; afterwards, he assumed all of his father's titles, including that of "Grand Duke of the West". He was also created a Knight of the Golden Fleece but twenty days after his birth, being invested by Charles I, Count of Nevers and the seigneur de Croy.

He was brought up under the direction of the seigneur d'Auxy, and early showed great application to study and also to warlike exercises. He was on familiar terms with the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XI), when the latter was a refugee at the Court of Burgundy. But he viewed with chagrin the repurchase by the King of France of the towns on the Somme, which had been temporarily ceded to Philip the Good by the Treaty of Arras; and when his father's failing health enabled him to take into his hands the reins of government (which Philip abandoned to him completely by an act of April 12, 1465), he entered upon his lifelong struggle against Louis XI, and became one of the principal leaders of the League of the Public Weal.

[edit] Early battles
His bravery at the Battle of MontlhÈry (July 13, 1465), where he was wounded and was left master of the field, neither prevented the King from re-entering Paris nor assured Charles a decisive victory. He succeeded, however, in forcing upon Louis the Treaty of Conflans (October 1465), by which the King restored to him the towns on the Somme, and promised him the hand of his infant daughter Catherine, with Champagne as dowry.

In the meanwhile, the Count of Charolais obtained the surrender of Ponthieu. The revolt of LiËge and Dinant intervened to divert his attention from the affairs of France. On August 25, 1466, Charles took possession of Dinant, which he pillaged and sacked, and succeeded in treating at the same time with the Bishopric of LiËge. After the death of his father, Philip the Good (June 15, 1467), the Bishopric of LiËge renewed hostilities, but Charles defeated them at Sint-Truiden, and made a victorious entry into LiËge, which he dismantled and deprived of some of its privileges.

[edit] Treaty of PÈronne
Alarmed by these early successes of the Duke of Burgundy, and anxious to settle various questions relating to the execution of the treaty of Conflans, Louis requested a meeting with Charles and placed himself in his hands at PÈronne. In the course of the negotiations the Duke was informed of a fresh revolt of the Bishopric of LiËge secretly fomented by Louis. After deliberating for four days how to deal with his adversary, who had thus maladroitly placed himself at his mercy, Charles decided to respect the parole he had given and to treat with Louis (October 1468), at the same time forcing him to assist in quelling the revolt. The town was carried by assault and the inhabitants were massacred, Louis not having the courage to intervene on behalf of his ancient allies.

At the expiry of the one year's truce which followed the Treaty of PÈronne, the King accused Charles of treason, cited him to appear before the parlement, and seized some of the towns on the Somme (1471). The Duke retaliated by invading France with a large army, taking possession of Nesle and massacring its inhabitants. He failed, however, in an attack on Beauvais, and had to content himself with ravaging the country as far as Rouen, eventually retiring without having attained any useful result.

[edit] Domestic policies
Other matters, moreover, engaged his attention. Relinquishing, if not the stately magnificence, at least the gay and wasteful profusion which had characterized the court of Burgundy under his father, he had bent all his efforts towards the development of his military and political power. Since the beginning of his reign he had employed himself in reorganizing his army and the administration of his territories. While retaining the principles of feudal recruiting, he had endeavoured to establish a system of rigid discipline among his troops, which he had strengthened by taking into his pay foreign mercenaries, particularly Englishmen and Italians, and by developing his artillery.

[edit] Building a kingdom
Furthermore, he had lost no opportunity of extending his power. In 1469, the Archduke of Austria, Sigismund, had sold him the county of Ferrette, the Landgraviate of Alsace, and some other towns, reserving to himself the right to repurchase.

In 1472-1473, Charles bought the reversion of the Duchy of Guelders from its old Duke, Arnold, whom he had supported against the rebellion of his son. Not content with being "the Grand Duke of the West," he conceived the project of forming a kingdom of Burgundy or Aries with himself as independent sovereign, and even persuaded the Emperor Frederick to assent to crown him king at Trier. The ceremony, however, did not take place owing to the Emperor's precipitate flight by night (September 1473), occasioned by his displeasure at the Duke's attitude.

[edit] Downfall

Charles the Bold as imagined in a Victorian engraving.In the following year Charles involved himself in a series of difficulties and struggles which ultimately brought about his downfall. He embroiled himself successively with the Archduke Sigismund of Austria, to whom he refused to restore his possessions in Alsace for the stipulated sum; with the Swiss, who supported the free towns of Upper Rhine in their revolt against the tyranny of the ducal governor, Peter von Hagenbach (who was condemned by a special international tribunal and executed in May 1474); and finally, with RenÈ II, Duke of Lorraine, with whom he disputed the succession of Lorraine, the possession of which had united the two principal portions of Charles's territories? Flanders and the Low Countries and the Duchy and County of Burgundy. All these enemies, incited and supported as they were by Louis, were not long in joining forces against their common adversary.

Charles suffered a first rebuff in endeavouring to protect his kinsman, the Archbishop of Cologne, against his rebel subjects. He spent ten months (July 1474 ? June 1475) in besieging the little town of Neuss on the Rhine (the Siege of Neuss), but was compelled by the approach of a powerful imperial army to raise the siege. Moreover, the expedition he had persuaded his brother-in-law, Edward IV of England, to undertake against Louis was stopped by the Treaty of Picquigny (August 29, 1475). He was more successful in Lorraine, where he seized Nancy (November 30, 1475).

From Nancy he marched against the Swiss, hanging and drowning the garrison of Grandson, a possession of the Savoyard Jacques de Romont, a close ally of Charles, which the Confederates had invested shortly before, and in spite of their capitulation. Some days later, however, he was attacked before Grandson by the confederate army in the Battle of Grandson and suffered a shameful defeat, being compelled to fly with a handful of attendants, and leaving his artillery and an immense booty in the hands of the allies (March 1476).

He succeeded in raising a fresh army of 30,000 men, with which he attacked Morat, but he was again defeated by the Swiss army, assisted by the cavalry of RenÈ II, Duke of Lorraine (June 22, 1476). On this occasion, and unlike the debacle at Grandson, little booty was lost, but Charles certainly lost about one third of his entire army, the unfortunate losers being pushed into the nearby lake where they were drowned or shot at whilst trying to swim to safety on the opposite shore. On October 6 Charles lost Nancy, which RenÈ re-entered.

[edit] Death at Nancy

Depiction of finding his body after the Battle of Nancy.Making a last effort, Charles formed a new army and arrived in the depth of winter before the walls of Nancy. Having lost many of his troops through the severe cold, it was with only a few thousand men that he met the joint forces of the Lorrainers and the Swiss, who had come to the relief of the town, at the Battle of Nancy (January 5, 1477). He himself perished in the fight, his naked body being discovered some days afterwards, the face so mutilated by wild animals that only his physician was able to identify him by old scars on his body.

[edit] Legacy
Charles the Bold has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit?a man who possessed no other quality than a blind bravery.

Charles married Margaret 'Of York' PLANTAGENET on 03 Jul 1468 in Dame. Margaret (daughter of Richard PLANTAGENET and Cecily DE NEVILLE) was born on 03 May 1446 in Fotheinghay; died on 28 Nov 1503 in Malines; was buried in Church of the Cordeliers, Malines. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Charles married Catharine Of VALOIS in 1439. Catharine (daughter of Charles VII King Of FRANCE and Marie Of ANJOU) was born in 1428; died in 1446. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Charles married Isabella Of BOURBON in 1454. Isabella (daughter of Charles I Duke Of BOURBON and Agnes Of BURGUNDY) was born in 1436; died in 1465. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Provost of St. Audun

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Bishop of Lisbon
• Residence: 1456, Cardinal

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: A Nun

Other Events and Attributes:

• Residence: Constable of Portugal

Family/Spouse: Adolph DE CLEVE. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Charlotta Of CYPRUS. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Excerpt from Blood Royal: List Isabel's death as December 2, 1455 and marriage as May 6, 1477 - could these be backwards?

Isabel married Alfonso V King Of PORTUGAL on 06 May 1447. Alfonso (son of Edward of Portugal Duarte I King Of PORTUGAL and Queen of Portugal Leonor Of ARAGON) was born on 15 Jan 1432 in Cintra; died between 24 and 28 Aug 1481 in Cintra; was buried in Batalha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: Lord Grey of Ruthin
• Fact: 1465, Cr. Earl of Kent

Edmund married Katherine PERCY before 1458/9. Katherine (daughter of Sir Henry DE PERCY and Alianor NEVILLE) was born on 28 May 1423 in Leconfield. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Sir William KNYVET. William (son of Sir John KNYVETT and Alice LYNNE) was born about 1440; died in 1515 in of Buckenham, Norfolk. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Fact: 2nd Duke of Exeter

Henry married Anne PLANTAGENET before 30 Jul 1447, and was divorced on 12 Nov 1472. Anne (daughter of Richard PLANTAGENET and Cecily DE NEVILLE) was born on 10 Aug 1439 in Fotheringay Castle; died in 12 or 14 Jan 1476; was buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Anne married Lord John NEVILLE on 18 Feb 1440/1. John (son of Ralph NEVILLE and Elizabeth PERCY) died between 07 Mar 1449 and 1450; was buried in Haltemprice, co. York. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Anne married John NEVILLE before 05 Sep 1452. John (son of John NEVILLE and Elizabeth HOLAND) was born about 1410; died on 29 Mar 1461 in Killed - Battle of Towton. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Anne married James Of DOUGLAS after 1461. James died after 22 May 1491. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Name: Henry Of Windsor

Notes:

Name:
He succeeded his father on 1 Sep 1422, and was crowned King of England on 6 Nov. 1429. He was deposed by Edward, Duke of York, on 4 Mar 1461, but was restored by Richard Neville 'the Kingmaker', Earl of Warwick, on 3 Oct 1470. He was again deposed by the Yorkist victory at Barnet on 14 Apr 1471.

Henry VI ascended the thrones of England and France in 1422. During his long reign, his mind failed him more than once and he had to submit the kingdom to the rule of a Protector, Richard, Duke of York. This led to civil war and his throne was taken away from him by the Protector's son, Edward IV, in 1461, given back briefly in 1470, and again taken away in 1471. Weeks later Henry was murdered in the Tower of London.

In 1422, Henry was kin of a French people who had lost faith in their leaders and themselves. Their pride was restored by Joan of arc, a young peasant girl from Domremy in eastern France. In 1429 Joan claimed to have had a vision from the Virgin Mary telling her to drive the English out of France, and she began a campaign that was to see the English expelled from all but Calais by 1453. In 1431 the English captured and burned Joan at the stake as a witch and heretic in Rouen.

The Wars of the Roses can be seen quite simply as the military expression of an on-going family quarrel between two branches of the royal house of Plantagenet, the houses of Lancaster and York. the wars broke out in 1455 as a result of Yorkist exasperation with the weak and inefficient government of Henry VI, and lasted, with lengthy intervals, for 30 years.

Gentle, kind and extremely generous, Henry was a simple man, incapable of deceit or craftiness. Throughout his life, Henry was deeply religious, a trait that manifested itself in his great enthusiasm for education and building.

Henry married Margaret Of ANJOU on 23 Apr 1445 in Titchfield, co. Hants. Margaret (daughter of King of Naples Rene I Of NAPLES and Isabella Of LORRAINE) was born on 23 Mar 1429; died on 25 Aug 1482 in Chatea de Dampierre. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Antigone married Sir Henry GREY after 3 Jan 1434/5. Henry (son of Sir John GRAY, K.G. and Joan CHERLETON) was born about 1419; died on 13 Jan 1449/50. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]